A small-scale biomechanical disc culture system was designed to stimulate intervertebral disc (IVD) ‘motion segment’ in culture environment with load-controlled compression and combined load (compression + shear). After 7 days of diurnal mechanical loading, cell viability of discs stimulated with static compression load (0.25 MPa) and static combined load (compression (0.25 MPa) + shear (1.5 N)) were similar (> 90 per cent) to unloaded controls. Mechanically stimulated discs showed decrease in static/dynamic moduli, early stress relaxation, and loss of disc height after 7 days of diurnal loading. Histological data of discs indicated load-induced transformations that were not apparent in controls. The feasibility of studying the mechanobiology of intact IVD as a motion segment was demonstrated. Media conditioning (improve tissue stability in long-term culture) and application of biochemical gene expression assays (differential tissue response to types of mechanical stimulation) are proposed as future improvements. The study suggests that the limitations in studying mechanobiology of IVD pathology in vitro can be overcome and it is possible to understand the physiologically relevant mechanism of IVD pathology.
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