Morphological changes and myocardial function assessed by traditional and novel echocardiographic methods in preadolescent athlete’s heart

Abstract

Background

Athlete’s heart is a term used to describe the morphological and functional changes in the hearts of athletes. Recent studies suggest that these changes may occur even in preadolescent athletes. This study aims to improve our understanding of the changes occurring in the preadolescent athlete’s heart.

Design and methods

Cardiac morphology and function in 76 preadolescent cross-country skiers (aged 12.1 ± 0.2 years) were compared with 25 age-matched non-competing preadolescents. Echocardiography was performed in all subjects, including 2D speckle-tracking strain echocardiography and 3D echocardiography. All participants underwent cardiopulmonary exercise testing to assess oxygen uptake and exercise capacity.

Results

Athletes had greater indexed VO₂ max (62 ± 7 vs. 44 ± 5 mL/kg per min, p < 0.001), indexed left ventricular end-diastolic volume (79 ± 7 vs. 68 ± 7 mL/m², p < 0.001), left ventricular mass (69 ± 12 vs. 57 ± 13 g/m², p < 0.001), indexed right ventricular basal diameter (28.3 ± 3.0 vs. 25.4 ± 3.5 mm/m², p < 0.001) and right atrial area (10.6 ± 1.4 vs. 9.7 ± 1.2 cm²/m², p < 0.01). There was no difference in left ventricular ejection fraction, global longitudinal strain, and global circumferential strain and right ventricular fractional area change between the groups. Controls had higher right ventricular global longitudinal strain (−28.1 ± 3.5 vs. −31.1 ± 3.3%, p < 0.01). VO₂ max was highly correlated to left ventricular end-diastolic volume (r = 0.76, p < 0.001).

Conclusion

Athletes had greater left ventricular mass and greater left and right ventricular chamber dimensions compared with controls, while left ventricular function did not differ. Interestingly, right ventricular deformation was significantly lower compared with controls. This supports the notion that there is physiological, adaptive remodelling in preadolescent athlete’s heart.

Keywords

Cardiomegaly exercise-induced echocardiography three-dimensional four-dimensional exercise test

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