A medicine for tall,white,blond-haired and blue-eyed,middle-aged,physically active,rich males?

Abstract

Get full access to this article

View all access options for this article.

References

Shin

Hamad

Murthy

et al.

Heart failure in women. Clin Cardiol 2012; 35: 172–177.

CONSENSUS Trial Study Group. Effects of enalapril on mortality in severe congestive heart failure. Results of the Cooperative North Scandinavian Enalapril Survival Study (CONSENSUS). N Engl J Med 1987; 316: 1429–1435.

Bardy

Lee

Mark

et al.

Amiodarone or an implantable cardioverter-defibrillator for congestive heart failure. N Engl J Med 2005; 352: 225–237.

Cohn

Johnson

Ziesche

et al.

A comparison of enalapril with hydralazine-isosorbide dinitrate in the treatment of chronic congestive heart failure. N Engl J Med 1991; 325: 303–310.

Goldenberg

Kutyifa

Klein

et al.

Survival with cardiac-resynchronization therapy in mild heart failure. N Engl J Med 2014; 370: 1694–1701.

McMurray

Packer

Desai

et al.

Angiotensin-neprilysin inhibition versus enalapril in heart failure. N Engl J Med 2014; 371: 993–1004.

Packer

Bristow

Cohn

et al.

The effect of carvedilol on morbidity and mortality in patients with chronic heart failure. U.S. Carvedilol Heart Failure Study Group. N Engl J Med 1996; 334: 1349–1355.

Packer

Coats

Fowler

et al.

Effect of carvedilol on survival in severe chronic heart failure. N Engl J Med 2001; 344: 1651–1658.

Pitt

Zannad

Remme

et al.

for the Randomized Aldactone Evaluation Study Investigators. The effect of spironolactone on morbidity and mortality in patients with severe heart failure. N Engl J Med 1999; 341: 709–717.

10.

Yusuf

Pitt

Davis

et al.

Effect of enalapril on survival in patients with reduced left ventricular ejection fractions and congestive heart failure. N Engl J Med 1991; 325: 293–302.

11.

Yusuf

Pitt

Davis

et al.

Effect of enalapril on mortality and the development of heart failure in asymptomatic patients with reduced left ventricular ejection fractions. N Engl J Med 1992; 327: 685–691.

12.

Zannad

McMurray

Krum

et al.

Eplerenone in patients with systolic heart failure and mild symptoms. N Engl J Med 2011; 364: 11–21.

13.

Agostoni

Corra

Cattadori

et al.

Metabolic exercise test data combined with cardiac and kidney indexes, the MECKI score: a multiparametric approach to heart failure prognosis. Int J Cardiol 2013; 167: 2710–2718.

14.

Cherubini

Del Signore

Ouslander

et al.

Fighting against age discrimination in clinical trials. J Am Geriatr Soc 2010; 58: 1791–1796.

15.

Heiat

Gross

Krumholz

. Representation of the elderly, women, and minorities in heart failure clinical trials. Arch Intern Med 2002; 162: 1682–1688.

16.

Rosano

Lewis

Agewall

et al.

Gender differences in the effect of cardiovascular drugs: A position document of the Working Group on Pharmacology and Drug Therapy of the ESC. Eur Heart J 2015; 36: 2677–2680.

17.

Nair

. Evidence based medicine for older people: available, accessible, acceptable, adaptable? Australas J Ageing 2002; 21: 58–60.

18.

Mosterd

Hoes

. Clinical epidemiology of heart failure. Heart 2007; 93: 1137–1146.

19.

Ceia

Fonseca

Mota

et al.

Prevalence of chronic heart failure in Southwestern Europe: The EPICA study. Eur J Heart Fail 2002; 4: 531–539.

20.

Van Riet

Hoes

Wagenaar

et al.

Epidemiology of heart failure: The prevalence of heart failure and ventricular dysfunction in older adults over time. A systematic review. Eur J Heart Fail 2016; 18: 242–252.

21.

Van Deursen

Urso

Laroche

et al.

Co-morbidities in patients with heart failure: An analysis of the European Heart Failure Pilot Survey. Eur J Heart Fail 2014; 16: 103–111.

22.

Khatib

McKee

Shannon

et al.

Availability and affordability of cardiovascular disease medicines and their effect on use in high-income, middle-income, and low-income countries: An analysis of the PURE study data. Lancet 2016; 387: 61–69.

23.

Helis

Augustincic

Steiner

et al.

Time trends in cardiovascular and all-cause mortality in the ‘old’ and ‘new’ European Union countries. Eur J Cardiovasc Prev Rehabil 2011; 18: 347–359.

24.

Gronhoj

Gerke

Mickley

et al.

External validity of a cardiovascular screening including a coronary artery calcium examination in middle-aged individuals from the general population. Eur J Prev Cardiol. 2018; 25: 1156–1166.