The origins of mobile communication research

Abstract

In this piece we will trace the early development of mobile communication research and its institutionalization. We will also sketch out future issues.

As one might expect, early research examining the social consequences of mobile communication was a reaction to the diffusion of the technology. According to Bento (2012), mobile communication first appeared in the late 1970s. It began to gain a foothold in Scandinavia in the 1980s and was also adopted in the Global North (e.g., Europe and Japan but not the United States¹) in the 1990s. After the millennium shift, diffusion extended to other parts of the world including Asia (particularly China and India) and Africa (International Telecommunications Union [ITU], 2018).

This diffusion pattern is mirrored in the growth of mobile communication research. In broad strokes, after some pioneering research, the research community had its nascency in the early 1990s in the work of European scholars. These people were often employed by network operators² and the work was developed in European-based projects such as the COST (European Cooperation in Science and Technology) 248, 269, 298 actions and the Eurescom P903 project that are described below. It was in these projects that several of the early researchers first came together including Leopoldina Fortunati (University of Trieste); Leslie Haddon (London School of Economics), Chantal de Gournay, Zbigniew Smoreda, and Frank Thomas (France Telecom); Enid Mante Meier and Jeroen Heres (KPN in the Netherlands); Annevi Kant (Telia in Sweden); Santiago Lorente (Telefonica in Spain); Leila Klamer (Telecom Danmark); and Rich Ling (Telenor in Norway). As time went on, it grew to include researchers in North America (e.g., Scott Campbell and James Katz) and Japan (e.g., Mizuko Ito), and then developed into a global research community.

Looking forward, there are new challenges and potentials for research on mobile communication. The earlier descriptive work that relied on the fact that mobile communication was a new phenomenon has been replaced by a more multifaceted, theory driven, and methodologically sophisticated project. We are, in some ways, at a transition point. The research community has established itself. From here there is a need for researchers to examine mobile communication in a context where, in many cultures, it is nearly ubiquitous and structured into quotidian life (Ling, 2012). There is the need to pursue expansive theorizing, solid methodologies (Boase & Humphreys, 2018), and the nuanced examination of mobile communication/social as a nexus. These themes will be developed below.

Development of a community

Mobile communication research followed somewhat in the path of research on landline telephony. There was an academic literature in this area (de Sola Pool, 1971, 1983; Haddon, 1997b) as well as industry-based studies of the technical, market, and social dimensions of mobile communication (Johannesen, 1981).

The earliest academic analyses of mobile communication, published in 1993 by Lana Rakow and Vija Navarro (1993) at the University of North Dakota examined the potential effects of mobile communication on the role of women and the eventual development of “remote mothering.” Klaus Lange (1993) (University of Berlin) also wrote on mobile communication's eventual impact on residential markets. Leopoldina Fortunati (1995) wrote on mobile phone practices of use. These studies were done in the United States, Germany, and Italy respectively. These studies looked at how the new technology affected the situation of women (Rakow & Navarro, 1993), how it challenged the existing regulatory structure (Lange, 1993), and how it was working its way into the warp and weft of society at the social, commercial, and even emotional levels (Fortunati, 1995). Fortunati (1998) also conducted early cross-cultural research at the European level, namely in France, Italy, Germany, Spain, and the UK.

Early projects examining mobile communication research in Europe

Starting in the mid-1990s in Europe, there was an increased focus on the study of telephonic communication patterns (Haddon, 1994; Haddon & Silverstone, 1994), and, more specifically, on the social consequences of mobile communication (Berg, 1996; Haddon, 1996; Haddon & Silverstone, 1996; Lohan, 1996a, 1996b). It was in this context that there was the analysis of mobile communication as a form of technical domestication.

The line of work, and some of the scholars who formed the core of this research, came together in the European COST 248 action. The final report of this group, Communications on the Move: The Experience of Mobile Telephony in the 1990s (Haddon, 1997c),³ contains a series of research articles that examined, among other things, the diffusion of mobile communication in Europe (Bakalis et al., 1997) and the public understanding of mobile communication (Fortunati, 1997), as well as the analysis of local use patterns and consequences (Ling, 1997; Ling et al., 1997). These articles examine the research agenda for mobile communication (Haddon, 1997a), adoption and use of mobile communication (Bakalis et al., 1997), the mobility afforded by mobile communication (de Gournay, 1997), mobile communication and courtesy (Ling, 1997), and the current social perceptions of mobile communication (Fortunati, 1997).

There were also several small conferences and seminars focusing on the social consequences of mobile communication, arranged by the pan-European research organization Eurescom³ (Klamer et al., 2000; Mante-Meijer et al., 2001). This led to Eurescom sponsoring the so-called P903 project, a pan-European qualitative and quantitative analysis of mobile communication use by a sample of users. The studies were developed by many of the same people who had participated in the COST 248 project. The P903 project resulted in a pan-European study (both qualitative and quantitative) of mobile communication in everyday life. It examined, among other things, mobile communication vis-à-vis time use, mobility, and social networks.

Perhaps not surprisingly, at this time, there was research on the social consequences of mobile communication in Finland, the home of Nokia. Specifically, Pirjo Rautiainen and Eija-Liisa Kasesniemi (2000) at the University of Tampere, Finland, worked on the role of mobile communication in the lives of children (a theme that continues to this day). Also, Timo Kopomaa (2000) wrote one of the first single-author books on mobile communication entitled The City in Your Pocket that placed mobile communication into the context of the wider information society.

Research in other regions of the world

At the cusp of the new millennium, mobile communication research developed in other corners of the globe. In the United States, James Katz and Mark Aakhus (2002) convened a conference and produced an edited book titled Perpetual Contact: Mobile Communication, Private Talk, Public Performance. The volume included papers covering, among other things, mobile communication and intimacy (de Gournay, 2002), generational issues of adoption (Nafus & Tracey, 2002), absent presence (Gergen, 2002), apparatgeist (Katz & Aakhus, 2002), greeting rituals (Schegloff, 2002), and coordination (Ling & Yttri, 2002). At about this time, the journalist Howard Rheingold (2002) also wrote a popular book on mobile communication entitled Smart Mobs that drew on research up to that time and had a special focus on mobile communication practices in Japan.

In 2001, Leopoldina Fortunati organized a conference on mobile communication and fashion entitled “The Human Body between Technologies, Communication and Fashion.” This was in Milan at the Triennale of Milano and included researchers from European and international universities (Fortunati et al., 2002). This was in an era when the form of the mobile phone was in flux. There were “brick,” “candy bar,” “flip,” and even “taco” form factors. The “slab” smartphone had not yet arisen. Further the integration of the device into our clothing was not settled. (Should it be in your pocket, on your belt, in your bag, etc.?) As the title suggests, these issues were examined at this conference and in the subsequent book.

Starting in 2002, the Hungarian philosopher Kristof Nyiri started a series of quasi-annual conferences in Budapest (with the associated proceedings) on the social and philosophical consequences of mobile communication (Nyíri, 2002, 2003, 2005, 2008a, 2008b, 2009). There was a strong European focus at these conferences, but there were also a significant number of researchers, including Mark Poster, Kenneth Bergen, Shin Dong Kim, and Fernando Paragas from other parts of the world (e.g., Australia, Philippines, Israel, Korea, Singapore, and Japan). Another conference on “Mobile Technologies and Health” was organized by Leopoldina Fortunati in Udine in 2004.

As the decade continued, US-based researchers such as Scott Campbell and Tracy Russo (2003) and Adriana De Souza e Silva (2003) began to discuss the social construction of mobile communication and the idea of mobile-enabled hybrid spaces. Mizuko Ito, Daisuke Okabe, and Misa Matsuda examined mobile communication in Japan in their edited book Personal, Portable, Pedestrian: Lessons from Japanese Mobile Use (Ito et al., 2005). The analysis of Japanese use was also seen in the work of Larissa Hjorth (2003) around this time.

Rich Ling’s (2004) book The Mobile Connection examined various dimensions of mobile communication including its use in everyday micro-coordination, its use in securing our safety, its disruptive dimensions, and its role in the lives of adolescents.

The interest in mobile communication research continued to spread during the middle of the decade. There was work reporting on the situation in Australia (Goggin, 2005); mobile communication and bombings in Israel (Cohen & Lemish, 2005); young people in Taiwan (Wei & Lo, 2006); working women in China (Wallis, 2008); texting around the world (Harper et al., 2005); adoption practices (Wirth et al., 2008); and the analysis of, among other things, the psychological, linguistic, and economic impacts of mobile communication (Ling and Pedersen, 2005).

Perhaps most significantly, there was a growing understanding that mobile communication was not limited to analysis of the Global North. Strøm (2002) reported on mobile communication in the Philippines The work of Jonathan Donner (2005) during this time also showed how mobile communication was being used in innovative ways in Africa. This thread is also seen in the work of Arul Chib et al. (2008) and their analysis of mobile communication and the provision of health services in rural Asia.

Manuel Castells et al. (2007) published a book that gave us a broad overview of mobile communication as it had spread into society on a global basis. They took up its impact on family life, remote working, multitasking and the compression of time, political organization, technological “leapfrogging,” and so on.

Looking back over this period, mobile communication research seems to have found its footing in the various projects and seminar series in Europe, then spread to North America and Japan, and from there into the various corners of the globe.

Institutional growth

Growth of the International Communication Association (ICA) mobile pre-conference

As noted above, through the first decade of the millennium there were a series of small research seminars that focused on mobile communication. In 2002 there was what can be seen as the first mobile communication pre-conference associated with the annual conference of the ICA in Seoul that year. There were other independent seminars held in the next years (e.g., at Rutgers⁵ and in Budapest). The alignment between the mobile communication pre-conference and the general ICA conference truly came at the pre-conferences in New York (2005) and Erfurt, Germany (2006). Along the way, the mobile communication pre-conference provided a synergy between mobile communication researchers and the wider communication studies community. The main conference drew together a large group of scholars wherein mobile communication scholars could both cultivate the subdiscipline at the pre-conference and then participate in the wider general conference. The pre-conference provided the space to develop bonds with others interested in this area of study while also placing the work into the context of communication studies.

There was interaction between the nascent mobile communication research community and other divisions within ICA (e.g., Communication and Technology). While there was some overlap in the focus, there were also differences—for example, the theoretical framing and the methodological approaches. Recognizing these differences was perhaps fortunate since it motivated mobile communication researchers to establish their own space and to establish their own footing. It is here that the role of the pre-conference can be seen since it played some part in developing themes such as social mobilities (De Souza e Silva & Sheller, 2014) and the analysis of critical/cultural use of mobile communication (Goggin, 2013; Hjorth et al., 2012).

Through the years the organizing committees have included international scholars as well as scholars from the host cities. In some cases, the venues have been the actual ICA conference hotel (e.g., San Francisco, 2007, where Mike Traugott, Jonathan Donner, and Rich Ling were the organizing committee), Chicago, 2009, and San Juan, 2015.

In other cases, the pre-conference has been held at local universities such as Arizona State University (Phoenix, 2012), organized by Adriana de Souza e Silva; London School of Economics (2013), hosted by Leslie Haddon; University of Washington (Seattle, 2014), hosted by Katy Pearce and Brett Oppegaard; University of California, San Diego (2017), organized by Colin Agur; Institut Polytechnique de Paris (2022), hosted by Christian Licoppe; and University of Toronto (2023), hosted by Jeff Boase. It has also been held at museums in Prague in 2017 and Washington in 2018⁶ (when the conference was interrupted by a tornado warning), a library in Singapore in 2010 (hosted by Arul Chib and Trisha Lin), and research organizations (Microsoft Research Boston) in 2011, organized by Katie Cumiskey.

Along with the development of the ICA mobile pre-conference, there was also a movement towards publishing papers in recognized academic venues. There had been a tradition of publishing the papers from seminars and projects in edited collections. The subdiscipline gained its footing using the venue of edited collections, but this also limited the exposure to the wider academic community. During the latter part of the millennium's first decade, there was an increasing number of articles on mobile communication published in peer-reviewed journals such as the Journal of Communication, New Media and Society, and the Journal of Computer Mediated Communication (Campbell, 2007; Campbell & Kwak, 2011).

The development of publication venues for mobile communication research

Based on discussions at the 2010 mobile pre-conference in Singapore, Veronika Karnowski and Thilo von Pape started to draft a proposal for the journal Mobile Media and Communication. Along with Steve Jones and Rich Ling on the editorial team, the first issue was published in 2012. This has provided a venue for the publication of scholarly, peer-reviewed articles examining the social consequences of mobile communication. In this way, it has also helped to establish the identity of the mobile communication research community. In addition to being a publication venue, the journal is an arena where the identity of mobile communication research is examined and developed.

In 2013, Rich Ling, Gerard Goggin, and Leopoldina Fortunati established the “Studies in Mobile Communication” book series with Oxford University Press.⁷ Whereas the journal Mobile Media and Communication published articles, the book series focused on book-length research. The connection with Oxford University Press also led to the production of the Oxford Handbook of Mobile Communication and Society (Ling et al., 2020). This volume examined the position of the “smartphone era.” The earlier Handbook of Mobile Communication Studies (Katz, 2008) focused on issues such as digital divides, sociality, social change, and culture in the pre-3G era where there was little access to the mobile internet. As with the journal, these activities have contributed to the identity of mobile communication as an academic community.

Into the future

Mobile communication research has established itself as a subdiscipline within communication. There is a global community of scholars who have started to develop unique theoretical and methodological trajectories. Now there is a canonical literature in the area, just as there are institutional homes for mobile communication research in conferences, journals, and book series. Finally, and perhaps most importantly, students have started taking up the study of mobile communication at the graduate and undergraduate levels.

As the subdiscipline continues to evolve it is also important to ask: why should we care? What does the research on mobile communication contribute to the wider academic project and indeed to society? Using this lens, how can mobile communication research help us to understand the ebb and flow of social interaction? How can it help us to understand how power is exercised in society, how economic interactions work out, or how cognition operates?

What is it that the study of mobile communication contributes to these issues that cannot be gleaned otherwise? In a sense, mobile communication research is at a transition point. Earlier studies often examined the uniqueness of the phenomenon, which was an obvious focus for research. The simple contrast between the pre- and post-mobile society provided new insights (see, e.g., Aricat & Ling, 2020; Ling et al., 2017). Going forward, there is a need to discuss mobile communication in a world where it is near ubiquitous rather than partitioned (Scott Campbell et al., 2023; Jones et al., 2023). Thus, there is a need to have expansive theorizing regarding mobile communication. It will also be the springboard for nuanced investigations into the interaction between mobile communication and its social consequences.

Footnotes

Declaration of conflicting interests

The authors declared no potential conflicts of interest with respect to the research, authorship, and/or publication of this article.

Funding

The authors received no financial support for the research, authorship, and/or publication of this article.

ORCID iDs

Rich Ling

Leopoldina Fortunati

Notes

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