HIV virologic response better with single-tablet once daily regimens compared to multiple-tablet daily regimens

Abstract

Background:

Single-tablet regimens are preferred prescription choices for HIV treatment, but there are limited outcomes data comparing single-tablet regimens to multiple-tablet regimens.

Methods:

We retrospectively assessed treatment-naïve patients at a single urban HIV clinic in the United States for viral load suppression at 6 and 12 months after initiating either single-tablet or multiple-tablet regimens. Multivariate regression was performed to obtain relative risks and adjust for potential confounders.

Results:

Of 218 patients, 47% were on single-tablet regimens and 53% on multiple-tablet regimens; 77% of single-tablet regimen patients had undetectable viral load at 6 months compared to 61% of multiple-tablet regimen patients (p = 0.012). At 12 months, 82% on single-tablet regimens and 66% on multiple-tablet regimens (p = 0.019) had undetectable viral load. Relative risk of any detectable viral load was 1.6 (95% confidence interval: 1.1–2.5) for patients on multiple-tablet regimens compared to single-tablet regimens at 6 months, and 2.2 (95% confidence interval: 1.2–4.0) at 12 months.

Conclusion:

Single-tablet regimens may provide better virologic control than multiple-tablet regimens in urban HIV-infected persons.

Keywords

HIV antiretroviral therapy sexually transmitted infections fixed-dosed combinations single-tablet regimens

Background

Since the advent of antiretroviral (ARV) therapy for human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), treatment regimens have changed from complex, burdensome regimens to one pill once daily. Fixed-dose combination (FDC) pills for HIV are readily available and frequently used. Of the recommended initial regimens in the US Department of Health and Human Services’ (DHHS) treatment guidelines from October 2018, five are available as single-tablet regimens (STR).¹

The importance of adherence to ARV therapy has been well-described, with poor adherence being associated with virologic failure and subsequent disease progression.^2–6 Multiple studies have shown that adherence to ARV therapy is improved by switching to a regimen with lower pill burden.^7–12 A meta-analysis by Nachega et al.¹³ of twice-daily versus once-daily dosing across all regimens showed an improvement of both adherence and virologic suppression with decrease in pill burden, but this was modest at best, and most commonly seen in treatment-naïve patients. While the above studies have investigated the effects of once-daily dosing and pill burden, none have directly assessed the use of STR.

Several observational studies have evaluated the effect of STR on factors such as adherence, patient satisfaction, hospitalization risks, and costs with mixed results.^9,14–19 Both Sax et al.¹⁸ and Cohen et al.¹⁶ showed improvement in hospitalization rates among patients using STR compared to multiple-tablet regimens (MTR). Bangsberg et al.¹⁴ showed improvements in both adherence and virologic suppression in a population of marginally housed and homeless persons in San Francisco. Altogether, however, relatively few studies have assessed the impact of STR specifically compared to MTR for the outcome of virologic failure in a clinic population.

Understanding the impact of STR is especially important today, as we stand on the verge of multiple effective agents being available as generic formulations with the potential to decrease the cost of ARV therapy, and affect significant cost-savings nationally, as shown by Walensky et al.²⁰ in 2013. These cost-savings may result in a “desimplification” of treatment as patients on currently branded STR may be asked to change to a less costly multiple-pill alternative. The impact of such a proposed switch toward higher pill burden on adherence and outcome, especially in vulnerable populations, needs to be assessed.

We assessed virologic suppression at 6 and 12 months among urban ARV therapy-naïve patients starting their first regimen and compared virologic and immunologic outcomes of patients on STR with those on MTR.

Methods

Study design and setting

This is a retrospective cohort study. Patients were enrolled in the Infectious Disease Practice (IDP) at the New Jersey Medical School in Newark, NJ. Of the patients seen at this practice from 2007–2013, 46% were enrolled in Medicaid, 25% self-pay or in hospital-based charity care, 22% in Medicare, and 7% with commercial insurance.

Study participants

After institutional internal review board approval, electronic medical records of new patients presenting for HIV care at the Infectious Diseases Practice between 2006 and 2013 were evaluated. Patients selected for study inclusion were ⩾18 years at initial visit, diagnosed as HIV-1 seropositive with a positive secondary laboratory conformation in the form of an Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay (ELISA)/Western Blot, or an HIV-1 Ribonucleic Acid (RNA) Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) (“viral load”), previously never on ARV therapy, had a CD4+ T-lymphocyte count and HIV RNA viral load in their medical record before initiation of ARV therapy (“baseline”), and at least one additional CD4 count and viral load at least 6 months after initiation of ARV therapy. Furthermore, eligible patients were subsequently started on STR or MTR as chosen by their provider, and continued on an uninterrupted and unchanged (as noted by the physician in the medical record) ARV regimen for a minimum of 6 months; patients switching therapy after 6 months were included in the study; however, 12-month data were censored.

Patient data were excluded if the patient did not complete 6 months of uninterrupted or unchanged ARV regimen. We defined an “interrupted” ARV regimen as a physician directive to stop taking medication. Patients were also excluded if baseline or 6-months post–ARV initiation CD4 count and viral load laboratory values were not present in the medical record.

ARV regimens

STR acceptable for inclusion consisted of the following three FDC pills: (1) emtricitabine, rilpivirine, and tenofovir disoproxil fumarate (TDF) (brand name Complera®); (2) efavirenz, emtricitabine, and TDF (brand name Atripla®), or (3) elvitegravir, cobicistat, emtricitabine, and TDF (brand name Stribild®), taken as one tablet once daily.

MTR acceptable for inclusion consisted of a nucleoside/nucleotide reverse transcriptase inhibitor, non-nucleoside/nucleotide reverse transcriptase inhibitor, protease inhibitor (PI), entry inhibitor, integrase inhibitor, or chemokine receptor 5 antagonist taken in any formulation of two or more tablets or capsules daily.

Data collection

Two study staff reviewed the medical record of every HIV-infected patient newly presenting to the IDP between 2006 and 2013. Data collected were age, gender, ethnicity, specific ARV medication regimen, date of ARV initiation, as well as baseline, 6 month, 12 month, and most recent (at time of data collection) HIV viral load and CD4 count. The nearest value, in time, to the 6- or 12-month point was recorded for each patient. Current or past history of any treated or untreated mental illness, including depression, schizophrenia, bipolar disorder, and anxiety, as evidenced by either a formally listed diagnosis with ICD-9 (International Classification of Diseases) coding or a mention in the narrative of a physician’s note was recorded. These same criteria were used to determine inclusion of current or past substance use in study data; substances included were cocaine, heroin, methamphetamine, phencyclidine, MDMA, lysergic acid diethylamide, marijuana, and excessive alcohol use. Moderate or minimal alcohol use without dependence (as determined at the discretion of study staff because of variable phrasing in physicians’ notes) was excluded.

Outcomes

Primary outcome was defined as HIV viral load below the limit of quantification (“undetectable”) of the specific sensitivity of the PCR utilized in analyzing each unique blood sample 6 months after initiation of first ARV regimen. For the majority of patients seen prior to 2012, the lower limit of quantification was <48 copies/mL. For the majority of patients seen after 2012, the lower limit of quantification was <20 copies/mL. Secondary outcomes were viral load 12 months after initiation of first ARV regimen, and CD4 counts 6 and 12 months after initiation.

Data analysis

Statistical analyses were performed using SAS software (SAS Institute, Cary, NC). Baseline characteristics were considered at the medical visit at which ARV therapy was started. The Wilcoxon rank-sum test or the t-test were used to analyze differences in continuous variables. Pearson chi-square analysis was used for categorical variables. Differences between treatment groups in primary and secondary outcome measures at 6 and 12 months were performed using Pearson chi-square tests for viral load detectability (yes vs no) and the Wilcoxon rank-sum test for median CD4 count and CD4 count change. Multivariate log binomial regression analysis was performed to determine relative risks (RRs) for two models: (1) all patients, controlling for age, gender, mental illness, substance use disorder, and baseline viral load, and (2) for Black and Hispanic patients only, controlling for age, gender, mental illness, substance use disorder, baseline viral load, and race/ethnicity. The second model was performed to allow adjustment for race/ethnicity, which was not included in the first model because of low numbers of other-race patients.

Results

Baseline characteristics

A total of 218 patients met the inclusion criteria. Of these, 103 (47%) were initiated on STR and 115 (53%) on MTR. Table 1 shows the differences in the baseline characteristics between the two groups. Patients in the STR group were less likely to be female (25% vs 44%, p < 0.005) and less likely to be Black (54% vs 70%, p = 0.025). A higher proportion of patients in the MTR group had a reported history of substance abuse: 53% compared to 39% in the STR group (p = 0.051).

Table 1.

Baseline characteristics of study population by treatment regimen.

Characteristic	All patients (n = 218)	Single-tablet regimens (n = 103)	Multiple-tablet regimens (n = 115)	P-value^a
Mean age, years (SD)	43.58 (11.50)	42.11 (12.25)	44.90 (10.66)	0.074
Female (%)	77 (35.32%)	26 (25.24%)	51 (44.35%)	0.003
Race/ethnicity				0.025
# Black (%)	136 (62.39%)	56 (54.37%)	80 (69.57%)
# Hispanic (%)	45 (20.64%)	29 (28.16%)	16 (13.91%)
# Other (%)	37 (16.97%)	18 (17.48%)	19 (16.52%)
History of substance abuse	102 (46.79%)	41 (39.81%)	51 (53.04%)	0.051
History of mental illness	61 (27.98%)	25 (24.27%)	36 (31.30%)	0.248
Median HIV-1 viral load, copies/mL (IQR)	42,705.50 (147,500)	45,679.00 (120,232)	35,900.00 (151,529)	0.714
Median CD4 count, mm³ (IQR)	233.50 (261)	281.00 (290)	226.00 (249)	0.069

SD, standard deviation; IQR, interquartile range.

The Wilcoxon rank-sum test or the t-test (for age) assessed group differences in continuous variable. The Pearson chi-square test assessed group differences in categorical variables.

Bold value represents an alpha of 0.05.

Baseline virologic characteristics were similar between the two groups. Median HIV viral load for each group was comparable. The MTR group had a lower median CD4 count of 226 cells/mm³ as compared to 281 cells/mm³ in the STR group, but the difference was not statistically significant (p = 0.069).

Of the 103 patients on STR, 93 (91%) were on a FDC of efavirenz, TDF, and emtricitabine. Three patients (3%) were on a FDC of elvitegravir, cobicistat, TDF, and emtricitabine; and 7 (6%) on a FDC of rilpivirine, TDF, and emtricitabine.

The MTR regimens were more diverse: All patients were treated with a dual-nucleoside backbone. Forty-five patients (39%) were on boosted atazanavir, 34 (29%) on boosted darunavir, 22 patients (19%) on raltegravir, 9 (8%) on boosted fosamprenavir, 4 (3%) on boosted lopinavir, and 1 (<1%) on neviripine. Of the nucleoside backbones, 105 (91%) were TDF with emtricitabine, 7 (6%) were abacavir with lamivudine, and 3 (3%) were zidovudine with lamivudine (Figure 1).

Figure 1.

Multiple-tablet regimen components.

Virologic and immunologic outcomes

Data were available for all 218 patients at the 6-month follow-up. The median time to follow-up was 182 days. Data were available for 169 patients at the 12-month follow-up. The median time to follow-up for this group was 364 days.

Outcomes are shown in Table 2. Of patients on STR, 77% had an undetectable HIV viral load at 6 months compared to 61% of patients on MTR (p = 0.012). These numbers improved at 12 months to 82% on STR arm and 66% on MTR arm (p = 0.019), but the STR continued to show statistically significant higher rates of HIV virologic suppression compared to the MTR arm. At 6 months, the STR group had a significantly greater CD4 cell increase; however, CD4 count increases at 12 months were similar.

Table 2.

Outcomes at 6 and 12 months by treatment group.

	6-month outcome			12-month outcome
	Single-tablet regimens (n = 103)	Multiple-tablet regimens (n = 115)	P-value^a	Single-tablet regimens (n = 74)	Multiple-tablet regimens (n = 95)	P-value^a
# undetectable VL (95% CI)	79 (77%)	70 (61%)	0.012	61 (82%)	63 (66%)	0.019
Median CD4 count, mm³ (IQR)	407 (332)	326 (319)	0.045	477 (339)	389 (309)	0.166
Median change in CD4, mm³ (IQR)	+121 (124)	+121 (172)	0.39	+180 (219)	+165 (224)	0.52

VL, viral load; CI, confidence interval; IQR, interquartile range.

Using the Pearson chi-square test for undetectable VL and Wilcoxon rank-sum for median CD4 and change in CD4.

Bold value represents an alpha of 0.05.

We also looked for differences in HIV virologic outcomes among specific subpopulations (Table 3). Both men and women in the STR group had higher rates of virologic suppression compared to their counterparts in the MTR group; however, statistical significance was only seen for men at the 6-month time point, perhaps because of lower numbers of women at both time points and men at the 12-month time point.

Table 3.

Patients with undetectable VL at 6 and 12 months.

	6-month outcome			12-month outcome
	Single-tablet regimens(n = 103)	Multiple-tablet regimens(n = 115)	P-value^a	Single-tablet regimens(n = 74)	Multiple-tablet regimens(n = 95)	P-value^a
All patients (%)	79/103 (77%)	70/115 (61%)	0.012	61/74 (82%)	63/95 (66%)	0.019
Gender
Men	60/77 (78%)	39/64 (61%)	0.028	45/56 (80%)	36/54 (67%)	0.104
Women	19/26 (73%)	31/51 (61%)	0.286	16/18 (89%)	27/41 (66%)	0.06
Race/ethnicity
Black	46/56 (82%)	49/80 (61%)	0.015	34/42 (81%)	44/65 (68%)	0.199
Hispanic	21/29 (72%)	10/16 (63%)	0.262	18/21 (86%)	10/15 (67%)	0.171
Other	12/18 (67%)	11/19 (58%)	0.842	9/11 (82%)	9/15 (60%)	0.226
Baseline CD4 (mm³)
⩽200 mm³	26/35 (74%)	28/49 (57%)	0.106	20/26 (77%)	23/39 (59%)	0.135
>200 mm³	53/68 (78%)	42/66 (64%)	0.068	41/48 (85%)	40/56 (71%)	0.086
Baseline VL (copies/mL)
⩽100,000 copies/mL	57/70 (81%)	46/71 (65%)	0.026	39/47 (83%)	43/63 (68%)	0.079
>100,000 copies/mL	22/33 (67%)	24/44 (55%)	0.284	22/27 (81%)	20/32 (63%)	0.109

VL, viral load.

Using the Pearson chi-square test for undetectable VL and Wilcoxon rank-sum for median CD4 and change in CD4.

Bold value represents an alpha of 0.05.

Regimen switching

Eleven patients of the 218 studied switched regimens between the 6-month and 12-month measurements. At the time of switch, 8 patients had a detectable viral load and 3 had an undetectable viral load. Four patients switched from STR to MTR, of which 3 had a detectable viral load at the time of switch. Two patients switched from one STR formulation to another, both with an undetectable viral load at the time of switch. Four patients switched from one MTR to another, and 1 from MTR to STR and all of these had detectable viral loads at the time of switch.

Multivariate regression

Multivariate log binomial regression analysis to obtain RRs was performed controlling for demographic variables, baseline viral load, and history of substance abuse or mental illness as documented at the start of the study (Model A in Table 4). RR of virologic failure defined as any detectable viral load at 6 months was 1.6 (95% confidence interval (CI): 1.1–2.5) for patients on MTR compared to STR. At 12 months, RR of failure (MTR compared with STR) was 2.2 (95% CI: 1.2–4.0). Substance abuse, mental illness, gender, and age at enrollment were not found to be significant variables.

Table 4.

Relative risk of virologic failure, all patients.

Variable	6 months	6 months controlling for baseline VL	12 months	12 months controlling for baseline VL
Model A: All patients
MTR vs STR	1.7 [1.1, 2.6]	1.6 [1.1, 2.5]	2.2 [1.2, 4.0]	2.2 [1.2, 4.0]
Substance abuse	1.2 [0.8, 1.8]		1.1 [0.7, 1.9]
Mental illness	1.2 [0.7, 1.9]		0.8 [0.5, 1.3]
Female vs male	1.2 [0.8, 0.7]		1.0 [0.6, 1.7]
Age groups	0.8 [0.5, 1.5]		1.0 [0.5, 2.3]
Model B: Black and Hispanic patients only
MTR vs STR	1.8 [1.1, 2.6]	1.8 [1.1, 2.9]	2.1 [1.1, 4.0]	2.2 [1.2, 4.3]

VL, viral load; STR, single-tablet regimens; MTR, multiple-tablet regimens.

Regression analysis showed a similar effect when assessing only Black and Hispanic patients, who accounted for most of the study population, controlling for above variables (Model B in Table 4). RR of failure on MTR compared to STR was 1.8 (95% CI: 1.1–2.9) at 6 months and 2.2 (95% CI: 1.2–4.3) at 12 months.

Discussion

In this retrospective analysis of 218 treatment-naïve HIV infected persons in an urban US population, we found that initiation and maintenance of STR were associated with a significantly increased probability of undetectable HIV viral load at both 6 months and 12 months after initiation of therapy. This effect remained significant even when controlling for baseline viral load as well as age, gender, self-identified race and ethnicity, and the presence of comorbid psychiatric illness or substance use disorder. In fact, at 12 months after controlling for the above variables, the RR of virologic failure was over twice as high for patients on an MTR compared to those on an STR.

Rates of virologic suppression in the STR arm of our study were 82% at one year. This success rate is comparable to 48-week virologic suppression rates in clinical trials of efavirenz combined with two nucleosides, which ranged from 78% to 94%.^21–29 In contrast, the rate of virologic suppression in the MTR arm, 66% at 12 months, are lower than that observed in clinical trials of raltegravir and ritonavir-boosted darunavir, atazanavir, and lopinavir, which range from 76% for lopinavir to 86% for raltegravir.^26–34 The discrepancy between our results and clinical trial results, however, is likely related to different follow-up practices and monitoring in clinical trial populations, as well as our patient selection.

Meta-analyses by Nachega et al.¹³ and Clay et al.³⁵ found consistent results of improved adherence and reduced risk of virologic failure in patients with STR. A meta-analysis by Van Galen et al.³⁶ also suggested improved adherence though it did not assess the effect on virologic outcomes. Each of these analyses cited lack of randomized clinical trials addressing the issue.

An observational study in a Veterans’ Administration cohort conducted by Sutton et al.³⁷ found improvements in adherence rates resulted in a statistically significant odds ratio of 1.21 for undetectable viral load on follow-up analysis. Our study supports these findings in a younger population with high rates of poor insurance status. While our study was limited in the number of women enrolled, our results are consistent with an analysis in the WIHS cohort conducted by Hanna et al.¹⁷ which found a modest improvement in virologic outcomes in a time period associated with increased STR use.

Our results are most consistent with a prospective study by Bangsberg et al. in a cohort of homeless and marginally housed individuals in San Francisco that compared adherence and viral suppression between patients receiving an FDC of efavirenz, TDF, and emtricitabine to those receiving MTR including non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor and boosted PI containing regimens. They found that adherence was improved in the STR group compared to either of the MTR groups. Furthermore, the proportion of individuals with HIV viral loads <50 at 6 months was higher in the STR group than the MTR group (69% compared to 46%, p = 0.02).¹⁴

Conversely, Engsig et al. analyzed results of the Danish HIV Cohort Study during a period where all patients previously on an STR were instead switched to an MTR for cost-saving purposes. This study found no significant difference in viral suppression. Notably, this study excluded patients with anticipated problems with adherence as chosen by their physician. While adherence was not formally measured in the study, the exclusion of patients at high risk of poor adherence may have blunted the potential benefit of a coformulated regimen.³⁸

It is known that adherence to therapy can be an important marker of clinical indicators, including hospitalization, disease progression, virologic failure, and death.^2–6 In prior studies, adherence has been shown to be improved in patients initiated on once-daily regimens and those with less pill-burden, although not necessarily STR.^9–19,35,36 Our study was not able to directly measure adherence to therapy, but we suspect the increase in adherence associated with a lower pill burden may have helped drive the outcomes found here, specifically virologic suppression. In addition, our study was limited to patients who tolerated their regimens for 6 months. Since intolerance is a common reason for switching from efavirenz, the primary STR used in this study, we were able to highlight the potential adherence effect of the pill formulation used, rather than adverse events related to the component drug.³⁹

The need for information regarding the value of STR in HIV therapy is partially due to the anticipated arrival of entirely generic ARV regimens. The prospect of a generic regimen has important implications for cost-savings. An US-based estimate of cost savings calculated that a switch from branded therapy to generic therapy across the country would result in a $920 million dollar cost savings in the first year alone, or $42,500 per patient lifetime. When the same study considered decreased effectiveness of generic regimens, the analysis suggested cost savings persisted; however, a potential loss of life expectancy was considered as a possible concomitant result.²⁰ The overall threshold for cost-effectiveness, however, is not likely to be interpreted equally among payer sources. One area for concern is that certain payers, including those that serve the most vulnerable populations, would be more inclined to accept cost-savings for a modest sacrifice in effectiveness. This is especially relevant to our practice population, as over two-thirds of patients seen in the practice during this study period were either enrolled in Medicaid, uninsured, or using hospital-based charity care. Over the past few months, we have heard anecdotes of several patients forced by their insurance providers to switch from a STR regimen to a payer-preferred MTR regimen, despite viral suppression on the STR. The next few years may tell us if these switches will become more common and result in inferior virologic outcomes.

There are a number of limitations to this study. As a retrospective study, unmeasured confounders may exist that impact results: including insurance status, adherence, and provider beliefs about patients’ likely adherence. Sample size did not allow for between-regimen comparisons in subgroups, so this study cannot compare effectiveness among individual regimens. Nonetheless, clinical trial data and meta-analysis have demonstrated similar rates of viral load suppression for raltegravir, atazanavir, and darunavir—the main regimens in the MTR group—when compared to efavirenz.⁴⁰ As a consequence of the study period, a majority of the patients on STR were placed on efavirenz/TDF/emtricitabine, and newer STR including dolutegravir/abacavir/lamivudine were not available for this study population. Perhaps because of the high use of efavirenz as an STR and the risk of teratogenic effects associated with this drug, fewer women are represented in the STR group overall. This likely no longer represents the trend, as STR without this drawback are readily available. Finally, information for patients with incomplete treatment before 6 months or loss-to-follow-up before that time was not available, and this may impact interpretation of the results.

Providers’ perception of a patient’s potential adherence may have affected regimen choice. Emergent ARV resistance is very uncommon with current boosted PI containing regimens, and with the integrase inhibitor dolutegravir, in contrast to the emergent resistance described among individuals failing efavirenz-containing regimens.^29,41,42 Therefore, clinicians may preferentially choose boosted-PI or integrase inhibitor containing regimens for patients determined to be high risk for medication nonadherence. While factors leading to treatment decision making could not be addressed directly in this study, we attempted to mitigate this by assessing impact of age, substance use disorder, and mental illness (risk factors for non-adherence) on virologic suppression. After controlling for these factors, the favorable effect on virologic suppression persisted in patients receiving STR. Additional unmeasured factors such as intended pregnancy, or drug interactions, may have impacted provider choice and are not accounted for in this analysis.

In summary, we found that daily STR had higher rates of undetectable viral load at 6 months and 12 months of therapy than MTR in a population of patients largely dependent on public assistance for ARV therapy. Generic MTR are expected to become available within the next few years, allowing a less costly treatment option for patients and payers. While the choice between cost and convenience remains complex, this study helps support the continued use of STR, especially in our most vulnerable populations.

Footnotes

Declaration of conflicting interests

The author(s) declared the following potential conflicts of interest with respect to the research, authorship, and/or publication of this article: S.S. has received grant support from Gilead Sciences and consulting fees from Viiv and Gilead Sciences. S.H. has received consulting fees from Bristol-Meyers Squibb, Gilead Sciences, Janssen Pharmaceuticals, and Viiv. Her spouse has received consulting fees from Johnson and Johnson and Inovia, and retains stock options from Merck.

Ethical approval

Ethical approval for this study was obtained from Rutgers New Jersey Medical School Institutional Review Board (Protocol Pro20120028).

Funding

The author(s) received no financial support for the research, authorship, and/or publication of this article.

Informed consent

Informed consent was not sought for the present study because it was a retrospective study of existing data and consent would not have been feasible.

ORCID iD

Shashi N Kapadia

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