Utilization of integrated community case management service of childhood illness (ICCM) and associated factors among under-five children in Shashogo district,Hadiya zone,South Ethiopia

Abstract

Background:

Integrated community case management (ICCM) service is provision of concurrent clinical and preventive care by trained community health workers for common childhood illnesses in the community. In Ethiopia, integrated community case management (ICCM) service utilization is low and its magnitude is unknown as well as no adequate evidence on its associated factors. This study aimed to investigate use of integrated community case management service of childhood illness and factors associated with it.

Methods:

A community-based cross-sectional study was conducted in Shashogo district. A total of 422 mothers who had under-five children were selected using simple random sampling method. Structured interviewer administered pre-tested questionnaire was used to collect data. Descriptive statistics, binary and multivariable logistic regression analyses were used.

Results:

The proportion of integrated community case management (ICCM) service utilization among sick under-five children in past six months at Shashogo district was 199(47.2%, with 95%CI:(43.2, 51.2)). Receiving training on health extension packages as model family AOR = 2.07(1.05, 4.08), experiencing frequent childhood illness AOR = 1.92(1.11, 3.33), having information about ICCM service AOR = 3.73(1.42, 9.76), and having a postnatal care visit in recent child AOR = 13(7.37, 23.06) were associated with utilization of integrated community case management service.

Conclusion:

ICCM service was not used as planned though there is offer of free of charge service nearby. ICCM service is affected by maternal and child health utilization. Hence, collaborative activities of information, education, and communication activities are needed.

Keywords

Integrated community case management under-five children Shashogo district

Introduction

Integrated community case management (ICCM) is a strategy to train, support, and supply community health workers (CHW) to provide diagnostics and treatment for multiple illnesses specifically pneumonia, diarrhea, and malaria for sick children of families with difficult access to case management at health facilities. ICCM relies on evidence-based and one of the most cost-effective child survival interventions—proven to save the lives of newborns and children under five, at a price that is affordable in developing countries.^1–3

ICCM program targets the main causes of child morbidity and mortality, namely pneumonia, diarrheal, malaria, and malnutrition.^1–4 Decentralizing preventive, promotive and basic curative child health and nutrition services through the policy of the health extension program has significantly contributed to the reduction of under-five mortality.⁵

Globally, 5.6 million under-five children died in 2016, and sub-Saharan Africa remains the region with the highest under-five mortality rate in the world. In 2016, sub-Saharan Africa has an average under-five mortality rate of 79 deaths per 1,000 live births.^6–10 The patterns of child morbidity and mortality varied slightly by region.^11,12

Despite the increased implementation of ICCM program focus and intention increases with time, utilization remains low¹² and its factors are not well known for children less than five years in Ethiopia; the main barriers to care-seeking at health posts were socio-cultural, religious, lack of information on availability of ICCM service at health post, low health care-seeking behavior among families.^12,13 Under-five children morbidity was stable after ICCM introduction in 2014. Currently, ICCM service is being given nationally but magnitude of ICCM service utilization at Oromia region of Agerfa district was found to be 10.5%.¹³ This shows that utilization of ICCM service for the common killer childhood illness using effective interventions is fairly low.

Most previous studies focused on ICCM program implementation strength and quality of service provision on provider side and implementation systems of ICCM. Previous studies collected data from registration book of health post and counting cases reported without considering the denominator and studies were also descriptive only.^13–16 Hence, this study assessed the magnitude of ICCM service utilization and associated factors by considering predisposing, enabling and need factors by adapting Andersen and Ronald Framework of healthcare utilization.¹⁷

Methods and materials

The study was conducted from March 15/2018 to April 30/2018 in Shashogo district of Hadiya zone, SNNPR, whose capital is Bonosha which is located at a distance of 52 km away from the zonal capital of Hossana town and 117 km away from Hawassa capital of SNNPR, 224 km from Addis Ababa, capital of Ethiopia.

A community-based cross-sectional study design was triangulated with qualitative method was employed. Qualitative study was conducted parallel to the quantitative study to validate and credible the findings. The study population was mothers who have under-five children and history of illness within six months residing in the selected kebeles for quantitative study. Health extension supporters from woreda health office, leaders (community, clans, and kebele), and male parents were selected for the qualitative study. All mothers who have children whose age less than five years and have history of illness within six months before actual data collection from rural kebeles were included. Mothers who were permanent residents of the study area and who lived for more than six months during actual data collection time were included for qualitative study, but critically sick under-five children during actual data collection were excluded from study and advised parents to take health institutions.

Sample size and sampling techniques of quantitative study

Sample size was determined by using single population proportion formula for magnitude of ICCM utilization by considering the following assumptions, 95% confidence level = 1.96, Margin of error (d) 5% = 0.05, proportion of mothers who have under-five children who utilize ICCM service in Bale zone Agerfa woreda(P) = (10.5%).¹³

n = \frac{{(z_{\frac{α}{2}})}^{2} p (1 - p)}{d^{2}}

where n = required sample size since using

n = {(1.96)}^{2} 0.105 (1 - 0.105) / {(0.05)}^{2} = 145

For factors associated with ICCM, sample size calculated using predictor variables of integrated community case management service utilization from previous different studies using EPI-INFO version 7.1.1 by considering AOR, 95%CI and power (80%) for association with dependent variable (See Table 1).

Table 1.

Sample size determination for associated factors using predictor variables of ICCM service utilization from previous studies.

S. No.	Variables associated with ICCM service utilization	Reference	Expected frequency %	AOR	Sample size	10% nonresponse added sample size
1	Educational status of secondary education	Gorfu¹³	81	3.1	237	261
2	Marital status other than married	Gorfu¹³	25	4.28	288	317
3	Information source of ICCM service:HEWs	Gorfu¹³	50.1	0.19	384	422
4	Awareness of child health service availability at HP	Yansaneh et al.¹⁸	48.6	2.52	341	376
5	Previously use of ICCM service	Yansaneh et al.¹⁸	31.1	6.57	329	362

Then, calculated sample size for magnitude of ICCM utilization was 145 and 384 for factors associated with ICCM, which is the largest sample size of predictor variable (ICCM service information from HEWs). Therefore, the larger one, that is, sample size for factors associated with ICCM was taken.

Finally, adding nonresponse rate of 10% on accepted larger sample size and final sample size could be 422.

The woreda has 36 kebeles in the Shashogo district of which 2 are urban kebeles. From total of 34 kebeles, 11 (30%) kebeles were selected by computer generating methods on SPSS and Census was conducted to identify eligible children. To choose the final sample, each kebele’s population to size allocation procedures were used. Eligible mothers who have children for the study were marked using chalk with respective kebeles, village, and house number (consecutive numbers given each households) by health extension workers. The identified eligible sick children also recorded. Then, from the identified eligible sick children list, children who included in the study were chosen by lottery method from each kebele

Sample size determination and sampling procedure for qualitative study

The purposive sampling technique was used. Health extension Program supporters, male parents, and leaders (religious, clan, and kebele) were selected purposively for focus group discussion, and six FGD sessions were conducted with a total of forty-two FG Discussants.

Variables

Dependent variable

Utilization of ICCM service

Independent variables

Predisposing factors

Age

Sex

Cultural beliefs and practices

Family size

Head of household

Child age

Child sex

Birth order

Education

Marital status

Occupation

Religion

Experienced time of child illness

Number of under-five children

Need factors

Knowledge and attitude toward ICCM service

Attitude toward HEWs

Information for ICCM service

Source of information

Perceived susceptibility and severity of childhood illness

Enabling factors

ANC visit in recent child

PNC visit in recent child

Received health extension package training

Health extension workers presence

Distance to health post

Distance to nearest health facility other than health post

Means of transportation

Data collection techniques and measuring instrument of quantitative study

The final version of the English questionnaire was developed after reviewing of different relevant literature.^13,19,20 Then, the questionnaire was translated into local language.

A face-to-face interview of mothers/caregivers of children was interviewed using structured, semistructured pre-tested questionnaire.

Open-ended non-directive focus group discussion (FGD) guide was designed. Accordingly, six FGDs were conducted in a group such as two FDGs with program supporters, two FDGs with husbands, and the last two with leaders. The point of saturation of idea reached was used to stop. We declared point of saturation when repeated ideas were raised and assumed that no additional data could be obtained.

The data collection process and supervision

Five data collectors who have diploma nurse qualification and could speak Hadiyisa were selected. For supervision, two degree nurses from the health center hired. To assure quality, two days of training was given for data collectors and supervisors. Pretest was conducted in 5% of the sample. For the qualitative study, the principal investigator and three male staffs of woreda health office with BSC holders moderate the discussion of the each group. Group discussions with their respective members were conducted in a quiet hall in District health office. Every conversation was recorded. Finally, the principal investigator transcribed the recorded and taken notes so as not to miss any of the discussed issues. Data were tape recorded and notes collected from each part, which was then translated and interpreted.

Every day questionnaires were reviewed and checked for completeness. Participants were not compensated for their time. The duration of discussion is according to guideline.

Statistical analysis

The data on each coded questionnaire were entered into Epi data version 3.1. Then, data were exported to SPSS version 20.0 for analysis. Bivariate and multivariable logistic regression models were used to measure the strength of association. Candidate variable selection with P-value less than 0.25 used in bivariate analysis. Adjusted odds ratio with 95% confidence interval was considered to declare statistically significant variables. Multico-linearity was tested. Goodness-of-fit with Hosmer and Lemeshow test has p-value = 0.70. After the interview, Hadiyisa audio recorded qualitative data were translated word by word into the English language and then transcribed into an English language in text form. Finally, results of the qualitative study were triangulated with the quantitative results.

Ethical clearance

Prior to data collection, ethical clearance was obtained from the ethical review board of the Jimma University Institute of Health. An official letter was written from the Institute of health science of Jimma University to administrative body of Hadiya zone. A formal letter of permission was received from administrative bodies of the Hadiya zone to Shashogo district Health office. Finally, verbal consent was requested from every participant during data collection time for both quantitative and qualitative data collection methods. Confidentiality was assured for the information provided.

Result

Among 422 mothers planned to be interviewed, 415 caregivers interviewed with response rate of 98.3%

This research findings revealed that 188 (44.8%) respondents were age group between 25 and 34 years with mean age of 34.1 (SD ± 7.66). Regarding under-five children’s age, 129 (30.6%) children were at age group between 24 and 35 months with mean age of 26 months (SD ± 14). About 396 (93.8%) were married mothers/caregivers. Hadiya were dominant ethnic group accounting for 353 (83.6%) of the respondents, and majority of respondents were protestant religion followers accounting for 216 (51.2%). Two hundred eighty-nine (68.1%) had completed secondary level of education (See Table 2).

Table 2.

Socio-demographic characteristics of mothers/caregivers and children age less than five years Shashogo district, 2018 (n = 422).

Variables	Frequency	%
Sex of caregiver
male	134	31.7
Female	280	66.4
Sex of child
Male	189	44.7
Female	225	53.3
Age of respondent
18–24	29	6.8
25–34	188	44.8
35–44	161	38.2
45–55	34	8
Age of children
< 2mo	2	1.1
2–11mo	69	16.4
12–23	95	22.5
24–35	129	30.6
36–47	66	15.6
48–59	56	13.2
Marital status
Single	10	2.3
Married	396	93.8
Widowed	9	2.1
Educational level
No Formal education	70	16.5
1–8	289	68.4
9–12	52	12.3
Collage or above	4	0.9
Occupational status
Housewife	227	53.8
Private business	37	8.8
Farmer	130	30.8
Ethnicity
Hadiyya	353	83.6
Kambata	41	9.7
Family size
< 6	255	60.4
>= 6	160	37.9
Religion of caregiver
Protestant	216	51.2
Muslim	197	46.7
Head of HH
Male	396	93.8
Number of < 5 child
1 child	201	47.6
>= 2 child	214	50.7
Birth order of child
1	34	8.1
2	62	14.6
3	85	20.1
>= 4	234	55.5

Need factors

Two hundred twenty-nine (54.3%) of the respondents had good knowledge toward ICCM services. Most of the study participants, 412 (97.6%) had a positive attitude toward health extension workers. Three hundred thirty-eight (80.1%) of the respondents had information to ICCM services (See Table 3).

Table 3.

Need factors of integrated community case management service utilization, 2018.

Variable	Categories	Frequency	Percent
Knowledge toward ICCM	Good knowledge	229	54.3
Knowledge toward ICCM	Poor knowledge	186	44
Attitude toward ICCM services	Positive attitude	403	95.5
Attitude toward ICCM services	Negative attitude	12	2.8
Attitude toward HEWs	Positive attitude	412	97.6
Attitude toward HEWs	Negative attitude	3	0.7
Information for ICCM	Yes	338	80.1
Information for ICCM	No	77	18.2
Source of ICCM information	HEWS	181	52.0
	VCHWS	150	35.5
	Radio	8	1.8
Perceived susceptibility of childhood illness	low perception	49	11.6
Perceived susceptibility of childhood illness	high perception	368	87.2
Perceived severity of child hood illness	low perception	23	5.5
Perceived severity of child hood illness	high perception	392	92.8

This finding was also supported by qualitative result: “. . . I came Health post more than one times and learnt about childhood illness and management service. . .”

(35-year-old women league of kebele)

Enabling factors

A significant number of 374 ( 88.6%) interviewed caregivers went to child health care other than health post with a distance of greater than an hour. Two hundred fifty-five (60.4%) of respondents were not getting health extension workers at the time of visiting health post. It was 299 (70.9%) mothers/caregivers who have trained on health extension packages as a model family (See Table 4).

Table 4.

Enabling factors of integrated community case management service utilization, 2018.

Variables	Category	Frequency	Percentage
Distance to child care other than HP by minute	>= 60 minute	374	88.6
Distance to child care other than HP by minute	< 60 minute	48	11.4
HEWS presence at the time of visiting	No	255	60.4
HEWS presence at the time of visiting	Yes	167	39.6
Distance from HP to their Home by minute	< 15	5	1.2
Distance from HP to their Home by minute	>= 15	417	98.8
Received health extension package training as model family	No	123	29.1
Received health extension package training as model family	Yes	299	70.9
Means of transportation	Foot	317	75.3
	Motor	96	22.8
	Car	6	1.4

Integrated community case management service utilization

Of the total respondents, only, 199 (47.2%, with 95% CI: (43.2,51.2)) utilized ICCM service among sick under-five children caregivers in the past six months at Shashogo district.

Among ICCM service users, majority 89(43.0%) of the mothers/caregivers reported diarrhea as most common childhood illness followed by fever/malaria 53(25.6%) (See Figure 1).

Figure 1.

Type of ICCM service children received from health post, Shashogo woreda, Hadiya zone, south Ethiopia, 2018.

Different reasons were given by the caregivers for not utilizing ICCM services within six months; lack of supply 272(81.9%) and closed health post 208 (62.7%) at visiting time were main ones.

In qualitative data analysis, three themes were generated as facilitator to use and barrier not to use ICCM service provided free of charge nearby the community.

FGD discussan responded that; “. . . I used the service provided by health post repeatedly and better child health service was given here in health post, but many parents took their child to traditional healers for tonsillitis (pneumonia) and tooth extraction. . .” (42-year-old male, program supporter)

FGD participants mentioned that the most common reasons for not utilizing the service in the area: “two months before, I came to health post with my sick child for diarrheal disease but no improvement. Then, I went to local traditional healers and cured. . .” (30-year-old male parent)

Another discussant said that “. . .Our home is far from health post, road is inaccessible and thus difficult for us to come back carrying child. . .” (49-year-old religious leader)

Factors associated with ICCM service utilization

Fourteen independent variables were identified during bivariate binary logistic regression analyses which have p-value less than 0.25 and fourteen of them were checked for association but only four variables showed association with outcome variable.

Factors independently associated with ICCM service utilization

The result of this study showed that disease experience of two and above times in children was 1.92 times more likely to utilize ICCM service than those of counterpart ((AOR = 1.92 (1.11, 3.33). Concerning mothers, those having PNC visits in the recent child were 13 times more likely to utilize ICCM service than mothers who did not having PNC visit in recent child (AOR = 13(7.37, 23.06)). Caregivers/mothers that heard information for ICCM service were 3.73 times more likely to practice ICCM service when compared to caregivers did not hear (AOR = 3.73(1.42, 9.76). Caregivers/mothers who received health extension package training were two times more likely than their counterparts to use ICCM services. (AOR = 2.07(1.05, 4.08)) (See Table 5).

Table 5.

Independent predictors of ICCM service utilization and associated factors among under-five children in Shashogo district, Hadiya zone south Ethiopia, 2018 (n = 422).

Variables	Label of category	ICCM service utilization		COR (95%CI)	AOR (95% CI)
Variables	Label of category	Yes N (%)	No N (%)	COR (95%CI)	AOR (95% CI)
Birth order of child	First	23 (67.6)	11 (32.4)	3.46 (1.60, 7.44)	2.76 (0.92,8.33)
	Second	48 (75)	16 (25)	4.96 (2.65,9.27)	1.09 (0.39,3.05)
	Third	41 (53.9)	35 (46.1)	1.93 ( 1.14,3.27)	1 (0.39,2.53)
	⩾ Forth	87 (37.7)	144 (62.3)	1	1
Disease experienced	1 times	98 (41.5)	138 (58.5)	1	1
Disease experienced	⩾ 2 times	101 (59.8)	68 (40.2)	2.09 (1.39,3.12)	1.92 (1.11,3.33)*
Having PNC visit in recent child	Yes	163 (82.3)	35 (17.7)	22.12 (13.25, 36.92)	13 (7.37,23.06)*
Having PNC visit in recent child	No	36 (17.4)	171 (82.6)	1	1
Health extension package training	Yes	179 (61.5)	112 (38.5%)	0.13 (0.07, 0.22)	2.07 (1.05,4.08)*
Health extension package training	No	20 (17.5%)	94 (82.5%)	1	1
Heard information of ICCM service	Yes	193 (59.6)	131 (40.1)	0.05 (0.02,0.12)	3.73 (1.42,9.76)*
Heard information of ICCM service	No	6 (7.4)	75 (92.6)	1	1

significant association.

Discussion

This community-based cross-sectional study was supplemented by qualitative method has used to determine magnitude and factors associated with ICCM service utilization among caregivers who had history of sick under-five children within six months. As the result, having PNC visit in recent child, heard information for ICCM service, experienced frequent times of childhood illness and received health extension package training were associated with ICCM service utilization in Shashogo district.

The magnitude of ICCM service utilization was 199 (47.2%, with 95% CI:(43.2, 51.2)) among sick under-five children caregivers in the past six months at Shashogo district.

This study depicted that almost one in two caregivers (47.2%) utilized ICCM service. This implied that more than half of illegible under-five children did not receive ICCM service. The possible reason for this low ICCM service utilization could be either health post bypass the service offered freely or not utilizing any other health care-seeking service though their child became sick. Though the reason was either of the case, the community has not been benefited. This finding is lower than the studies conducted in South Sudan (74%)⁷ and Nepal (69%).²¹ The probable reasons may be the difference in mode of service delivery, access of services. In contrast to this higher ICCM utilization than studies done in a study conducted in south Ethiopia, Boloso Sore Woreda (25%),²² Southern Ethiopia, Hadiya zone (22.5%),²³ siraleone (14%),¹⁸ Uganda (27.3%),⁹ and Ghana (30%).²⁴ This difference might be due to access, time, place, and social context variation between this study and previous studies.

Also, this study demonstrated a remarkably higher proportion of the ICCM service utilization among sick under-five children in Shashogo district Hadiya zone, compared to study done in Ethiopia in, Oromia zone, Agerfa district 10.5%¹³. The possible explanation might be supportive supervision to health post, time variation, and eligiblity criteria. The implementation performance assessment study done in west Hararghe and Jimma zones indicates significant increment on ICCM service utilization in comparison groups.³ All interviewed caregivers/mothers, majority received ICCM service 89(43.0%) for diarrhea as most common childhood illness followed by fever/malaria 53(25.6%). Multi-country analysis in different sub-Saharan Africa indicates that annual expected cases treated for total ICCM were 27%.⁷ This multi-country’s finding is lower than this study’s finding. The reasons could be overreporting and type of data source used (register review data). Evidence from FGD also supported this idea.

The study done in Kenya depicted a significant increment of ICCM service utilization from 2% to 35%, but lower than this study.²⁵ This might be a difference in socio-demographic factors and health service delivery system difference.

The current study revealed that caregiver’s information affects ICCM service utilization. Caregivers who had heard about ICCM services were 3.7 times more likely to use them than those who had not heard about them. This finding was supported by a study done in the Dara District, UNICEF literature,^13,26 south Ethiopia, Boloso Sore Woreda²², and Hadiya zone.²³

This study also identified factors that influence ICCM service utilization was receiving training of health extension program packages were more likely to practice ICCM service as compared to those did not receive training. The possible explanation might be time difference as access to information source and recent strong governmental intervention than the previous study. Another study in Jimma and west Hararghe is in agreement with this study.²⁷

The current study also identified that mother/ caregivers having PNC visit in recent child were 13 times more likely to utilize ICCM service than those counterparts. This contradicts a research conducted in the Agerfa district.¹³ This variation could be attributed to socio-cultural differences in study areas.

This study showed under-five children who had two and more times experience of common child hood illness were more likely to utilize ICCM service than one times illness-experienced children.

Of the total interviewed caregivers or mothers’ majority 272(81.9%) responded that lack of necessary supply to health post as main barriers not utilize ICCM service. This finding is consistent with a study done in Uganda.²⁸

Current study revealed 208(62.7%) of closed health post at visiting time and 90(27.1%) of long waiting time contributed more not to utilize ICCM service in Shashogo district.

The strength of this study is using both quantitative community-based studies triangulated with qualitative data collected at parallel to enhance validity and credibility.

The possibility of recall bias and social desirability bias due to self-report could be limitation of this study.

Conclusion

Less than half of respondents utilized integrated community case management service in the Shashogo district. This study showed that having PNC visit in recent child, heard information for ICCM service, experienced frequent time of childhood illness and received health extension package training showed statistically significant positive association with ICCM service utilization.

The reasons not to utilize ICCM service among participants were mainly were lack of necessary supply and closed health post at visiting time.

Recommendation

To Woreda Health office, zonal health department, regional health bureau, Federal Minister of health and Non-governmental organizations working on Primary health care: Collaborative activities of information, education, and communication activities needed. Giving emphasis on model family training of health extension packages is mandatory. Strengthening the integration of ICCM service provision with maternal and child health service such as antenatal, postnatal care and EPI services.

Supplemental Material

sj-docx-1-smo-10.1177_20503121221097643 – Supplemental material for Utilization of integrated community case management service of childhood illness (ICCM) and associated factors among under-five children in Shashogo district, Hadiya zone, south Ethiopia

Supplemental material, sj-docx-1-smo-10.1177_20503121221097643 for Utilization of integrated community case management service of childhood illness (ICCM) and associated factors among under-five children in Shashogo district, Hadiya zone, south Ethiopia by Endale Abera Kassa, Tilahun Beyene Handiso, Bittiya Admassu and Aderajew Nigussie in SAGE Open Medicine

Footnotes

Acknowledgements

We would like to thank Jimma University, data collectors, supervisors, and respondents.

Declaration of conflicting interests

The author(s) declared no potential conflicts of interest with respect to the research, authorship, and/or publication of this article.

Ethical approval

Prior to data collection ethical clearance was obtained from the ethical review board of the Jimma University institute of Health. Ethical committee reviewed and approved as verbal consent will be obtained before data collection.

Funding

The author(s) received no financial support for the research, authorship, and/or publication of this article.

Informed consent

Verbal Informed consent was obtained from each participants, which was initially approved by ethical review board of the Jimma University institute of Health.

ORCID iD

Tilahun Beyene Handiso

Supplemental material

Supplemental material for this article is available online.

References

Simoes

Desta

Tessema

, et al. Performance of health workers after training in integrated management of childhood illness in Gondar, Ethiopia. Bull World Health Organ 1997; 75: 43–53.

Child health: integrated community case management, 2014, https://www.mchip.net/interventions/child-health/integrated-community-case-management/

Miller

Amouzou

Tafesse

, et al. Integrated community case management of childhood illness in Ethiopia: implementation strength and quality of care. Am J Trop Med Hyg 2014; 91: 424–434.

Amouzou

Morris

Moulton

, et al. Assessing the impact of integrated community case management (ICCM) programs on child mortality: review of early results and lessons learned in sub–Saharan Africa. J Glob Health 2014; 4: 020411.

Ghana Evidence Review Symposium Integrated community case management/ICCM/story in Ethiopia: background, 2014, https://www.childhealthtaskforce.org/sites/default/files/2019-07/iCCM%20Symposium%20Presentation_iCCM%20in%20Ethiopia%28MOH%20Ethiopia%2C%202014%29.pdf

UNICEF, Levels and trends in child mortality, 2017, https://data.unicef.org/resources/levels-trends-child-mortality-2017/

Oliphant

Muñiz

Guenther

, et al. Multi–country analysis of routine data from integrated community case management (ICCM) programs in sub–Saharan Africa. J Glob Health 2014; 4: 020408.

Daviaud

Besada

Leon

, et al. Costs of implementing integrated community case management (ICCM) in six African countries: implications for sustainability. J Glob Health 2017; 7: 010403.

Muhumuza

Mutesi

Mutamba

, et al. Acceptability and utilization of community health workers after the adoption of the integrated community case management policy in Kabarole district in Uganda. Health Syst Policy Res 2015; 2: 13.

10.

Sinyangwe

Graham

Nicholas

, et al. Assessing the quality of care for pneumonia in integrated community case management: a cross-sectional mixed methods study. PLoS ONE 2016; 11: e0152204.

11.

Teferi

Teno

Ali

, et al. Quality and use of IMNCI services at health center under-five clinics after introduction of integrated community-based case management (ICCM) in three regions of Ethiopia. Ethiop Med J 2014; 52: 91–98.

12.

Yansaneh

Moulton

George

, et al. Influence of community health volunteers on care seeking and treatment coverage for common childhood illnesses in the context of free health care in rural Sierra Leone. Trop Med Int Health 2014; 19: 1466–1476.

13.

Gorfu

. Factors affecting utilization of integrated community case management of common childhood illnesses in Agarfa woreda, Oromiya regional state, Ethiopia, 2014, https://uir.unisa.ac.za/bitstream/handle/10500/18597/dissertation_mersha_bogale_gorfu.pdf?sequence=1&isAllowed=y

14.

Miller

Amouzou

Tafesse

, et al. Integrated community case management of childhood illness in Ethiopia: implementation strength and quality of care. Am J Trop Med Hyg 2014; 91: 424–434.

15.

Shaw

Amouzou

Miller

, et al. Determinants of utilization of health extension workers in the context of scale-up of integrated community case management of childhood illnesses in Ethiopia. Am J Trop Med Hyg 2015; 93: 636–647.

16.

Amouzou

Hazel

Shaw

, et al. Effects of the integrated community case management of childhood illness strategy on child mortality in Ethiopia: a cluster randomized trial. Am J Trop Med Hyg 2016; 94: 596–604.

17.

Andersen

Davidson

Baumeister

. Improving access to care, 2013, https://www.scirp.org/(S(351jmbntvnsjt1aadkposzje))/reference/ReferencesPapers.aspx?ReferenceID=1354237

18.

Yansaneh

George

Sharkey

, et al. Determinants of utilization and community experiences with community health volunteers for treatment of childhood illnesses in rural Sierra Leone. J Community Health 2016; 41: 376–386.

19.

Marsh

Nefdt

Hazel

. Introduction to a special supplement: delivering integrated community case management to treat childhood illness at scale in Ethiopia. Ethiop Med J 2014; 52: 1–6.

20.

Mitiku

Assefa

. Caregivers’ perception of malaria and treatment-seeking behaviour for under five children in Mandura district, west Ethiopia: a cross-sectional study. Malar J 2017; 16: 144.

21.

Young

Wolfheim

Marsh

, et al. World Health Organization/United Nations Children’s Fund joint statement on integrated community case management: an equity-focused strategy to improve access to essential treatment services for children. Am J Trop Med Hyg 2012; 87: 6–10.

22.

Samuel

Arba

. Utilization of integrated community case management service and associated factors among mothers/caregivers who have sick eligible children in southern Ethiopia. Risk Manag Healthc Policy 2021; 14: 431–438.

23.

Yohannes

Habtu

Abreham

, et al. Utilization of integrated community case management and its factors in southern Ethiopia: facility based-cross-sectional study. Adv Publ Health 2021; 2021: 8835804.

24.

Ferrer

Webster

Bruce

, et al. Integrated community case management and community-based health planning and services: a cross sectional study onthe effectiveness of the national implementation for the treatment of malaria, diarrhoea and pneumonia. Malar J 2016; 15: 340.

25.

Kisia

Nelima

Otieno

, et al. Factors associated with utilization of community health workers in improving access to malaria treatment among children in Kenya. Malar J 2012; 11: 248.

26.

UNICEF and PATH, Literature review on barriers to utilization of health extension services: draft report, 2016, https://www.childhealthtaskforce.org/sites/default/files/2019-05/Literature%20Review%20on%20Barriers%20to%20Utilization%20of%20Health%20Extension%20Services%20Draft%20Report%28UNICEF%2CPATH%2C2016%29.pdf

27.

Miller

Amouzou

Bryce

, et al. Assessment of iCCM implementation strength and quality of care in Oromia, Ethiopia. Baltimore, USA and Addis Ababa, Ethiopia: Institute for International Programs, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, 2013. https://www.jhsph.edu/research/centers-and-institutes/institute-for-international-programs/_docs/mcnh-rapid-scale-up/Ethiopia_QoC-IS_Final_Report_16Jan2013.pdf

28.

Mukanga

Tibenderana

Peterson

, et al. Access, acceptability and utilization of community health workers using diagnostics for case management of fever in Ugandan children: a cross-sectional study. Malar J 2012; 11: 121.

Supplementary Material

Please find the following supplemental material available below.

For Open Access articles published under a Creative Commons License, all supplemental material carries the same license as the article it is associated with.

For non-Open Access articles published, all supplemental material carries a non-exclusive license, and permission requests for re-use of supplemental material or any part of supplemental material shall be sent directly to the copyright owner as specified in the copyright notice associated with the article.

0.00 MB

0.04 MB