The effect of auditory stimulation using delta binaural beat for a better sleep and post-sleep mood: A pilot study

Abstract

Background

Although previous evidence confirms the effects of sleep deprivation on mental health and wellbeing, due to the interaction effects of sleep and mood on each other, the influence of sleep improvement has received less attention.

Objective

This study aimed to find whether binaural beat technology can enhance sleep quality and thus post-sleep mood.

Methods

Twenty healthy students participated in this pilot study. All subjects were investigated for two weeks (a baseline week and an experimental week). In the first week, there was no intervention, but in the second week, all subjects were exposed to a 90 min binaural beat in the delta frequency range. The individuals’ sleep was monitored for two weeks using a sleep diary form, and a Profile of Mood State questionnaire was employed to assess their mood at the end of the first and second weeks.

Results

Auditory stimulation with delta binaural beat enhanced sleep parameters such as sleep failure, the number of awakenings, real duration of sleep, sleep quality, and feeling following the waking of the individuals. Finally, students’ moods improved by reducing anxiety and anger, but other mood parameters did not indicate a significant difference.

Conclusion

The findings of this study confirmed that auditory stimulation with a delta binaural beat seems to be a low-cost and alternative method for medicine and other treatment methods with side effects.

Application

This study demonstrates the use of technology with a neuroergonomics approach to improve sleep and mood disorders.

Keywords

Brainwave entrainment neurostimulation mental state sleepness sleep quality

Precision

The quantity and quality of sleep were improved in this study as a result of auditory stimulation with delta binaural beat. Participants also had a better post-sleep mood, along with a significant reduction in anxiety and anger; in addition, they were more satisfied with their sleep and reported feeling better afterward.

Introduction

Sleep disorders and poor sleep quality are extremely common and linked to a wide range of physical and mental health issues_.¹ Sleep is believed to be a predictor of the next day's mood.^2,3 On the other hand, sleep deprivation causes mood disturbances, which are characterized by increased fatigue and decreased energy, alertness, and memory, as well as an increase in negative components such as stress, depression, frustration, and uncertainty.^4–6 Mood disturbances are often thought to be the primary symptoms of mental health disorders such as depression and anxiety.^7–9

According to previous research, sleep difficulties occur in all age groups, including the elderly and adolescents.¹⁰ Further, Pagel¹¹ discovered that 69.7% of students with poor GPAs had difficulties falling asleep in a study on sleep and waking habits. Furthermore, 65.6% of the most recent group indicated that they walk constantly at night because they cannot sleep, and 72.7% of those with poor sleep quality expressed difficulties concentrating and paying attention during the day.

In addition, many students experience difficulty with sleep initiation, sleep maintenance, morning fatigue, everyday sleepiness, and nightmares, as well as waking up earlier than usual in the morning.¹² Insufficient sleep and sleep deprivation cause neurological, behavioral, and physiological changes.¹³ It is associated with academic failure and reduced normal daily performance in students’ classrooms,¹⁴ keeps them from attending classes or makes them drowsy in class;¹⁵ moreover, it induces fatigue and discomfort during the day¹⁶ and causes or worsens stress and anxiety symptoms in students.¹⁷ Considering that sleep deprivation or poor sleep quality and mental health affect each other, improving students’ sleep quality is an important factor in their overall mental health.¹⁸

The use of self-care techniques by individuals to enhance their sleep at home is one study topic, which has been examined on insomnia. According to numerous studies, the use of brainwave entrainment by light or sound stimulation is an intervention that shows good benefits in treating diseases such as cognitive function, headache/migraine, and premenstrual syndrome and promoting relaxation and recovery.^19–22 Although the impact of auditory stimulation on sleep improvement has not been well investigated yet,²³ evidence suggests that it can be utilized to help sleep.^24,25

Auditory beats that are monaural (e.g. physical beats to both ears) or binaural (different sinusoidal waves with similar frequencies presented to each ear separately) are new instruments in the non-invasive method.^26,27

When two sound waves are simultaneously applied to two nearby frequencies in the left and right ears, the brain can recognize the frequency difference between the two sounds.²⁸ Furthermore, a virtual third wave is perceived by the brain as a binaural beat with the frequency difference between the two sounds.^29–31 For instance, when a sinusoidal 250-Hz pure tone is supplied to the left ear and a 256-Hz tone is simultaneously presented to the right ear, the brain perceives an amplitude variation with a frequency rate of 6 Hz.²⁸

As a result, different studies have focused on the psychological effects of the binaural beats of various frequencies and reported substantial evidence in this regard.^32–35 Consequently, the impact of binaural beats on the anxiety score has been identified in several studies. For example, in patients suffering from anxiety, the use of delta-frequency binaural beats resulted in a reduction in anxiety after the intervention.³⁶ In addition, daily use of binaural beats reduced anxiety in patients with mild anxiety disorders in the beta/delta range.³⁷ Another research demonstrated that using the 2.5-Hz delta binaural beat for 40 min decreased anxiety in healthy participants.³⁸ Additionally, it was shown that theta binaural beat can suppress stress and anxiety prior to surgery,³⁶ and beta binaural beat can improve alertness.³⁹ Recent research has also represented that beta binaural beat enhances word recognition and has an effect on long-term memory,⁴⁰ while gamma binaural beat could improve short-term memory.⁴¹

The physical sleep process may be established by objective indicators; however, the subjective impression is a highly significant factor in sleep quality assessment.^42,43 Although several studies have confirmed that using binaural beats decreases anxiety and other negative emotions, few studies have examined the effect of this intervention on the delta frequency (3 Hz) during sleep. Accordingly, the current study sought to investigate whether the sleep quality of students can be improved by a 3 Hz binaural beat and whether this leads to the enhancement of the post-sleep state.

Methods

Participants

Twenty healthy students (10 females and 10 males aged 20–30 years) were voluntarily included in this pre-experimental study. The required sample size was determined based on an expected effect size of sleep quality levels and mood post-intervention. de Niet et al.⁴⁴ conducted a meta-analysis and suggested that the music intervention has a moderate effect on sleep quality in five RCTs, and this sample size was appropriately powered to detect a medium effect size. In another study by Abeln et al.,⁴² higher subjective ratings of sleep and awakening quality, sleepiness, and motivational state were obtained during eight weeks of brainwave entrainment among 18 young sub-elite male soccer players.

The study population consisted of non-dormitory college students of three graduate classes of Tehran University of Medical Sciences who met the study requirements. The inclusion criteria included being 30 years or younger, having no insomnia, poor sleep quality, or other sleep-related problems (It was evaluated with PSQI^a and ISI^b questionnaires with a score of ISI<7 and PSQI<5), and having no current or past depression and history of psychiatric disorders. Only younger students were investigated in this study because there is a difference between old and young individuals regarding sleep quality that influences their behavioral and mood responses in different situations. On the other hand, the exclusion criteria were medicine consumption and certain medical conditions impairing sleep or state of awareness. All participants were requested to have a consistent sleep schedule throughout the research and avoid alcoholic and caffeinated beverages 24 and 12 h before the test, respectively.

Ethical considerations

The study was approved by the Ethics Committee of Tehran University of Medical Sciences. The purpose of the study was explained to the participants, and they were requested to sign a permission form.

Procedure

First, each participant was requested to complete the demographic information questionnaire, PSQI, and ISI in order to assess their history of insomnia, poor sleep quality, or other sleep disorders, as well as mental problems. ISI and PSQI are self-assessment instruments that evaluate insomnia symptoms and their negative effects on people's lives over the previous two weeks,⁴⁵ while PSQI investigates sleep quality and disturbances over a month.⁴⁶ All participants were trained on sleep hygiene and asked to follow it during the study.

This study was conducted over two consecutive weeks, corresponding to baseline and interventional weeks. There was no intervention during the first week (baseline) to assess the status of each person's sleep parameters and mood prior to the intervention. Then, participants were given a piece of binaural beat music to listen to for the next one week of the intervention phase. A sleep diary and the Profile of Mood State (POMS) were used during these two weeks. They were told when and how to complete the required questionnaires.

For two weeks, Sleep Diary Questionnaire was daily answered shortly after waking up (about 30–60 min) within an individually set time period. The timeframe was assigned to standardize the time and conditions for answering questions. Participants were asked to complete the POMS questionnaire on two nights, one week apart, at the end of the first (before the intervention) and second (after the intervention) weeks.

The Sleep Diary is a revised version of Morin's Sleep Diaries;⁴⁷ it is a popular technique for collecting sleep data and contains questions about the quantity and quality of sleep the night before, including going to bed time, inability to start sleeping (the time it takes for a person to fall asleep), and the number of times they wake up during the night. This allows us to estimate the duration of actual sleep (the amount of time the patient feels “truly” sleeping), the feeling after waking up, and the sleep quality; the answers to these items are rated on a scale ranging from extremely terrible to great.

The POMS was first designed by McNair et al. in 1981 to detect instantaneous mood disorders, and is now used to measure the strength of each of the described sub-scales. This questionnaire contains 65 items that are answered on a 5-point scale (“0 = Not at all” to “4 = Very strong”) for the period of the “past week, including today” and belonging to scales such as anxiety, depression, anger, vigor, fatigue, and confusion.⁴⁸ Six scores are derived from the questionnaire, one for each of the six mood states. To determine the total number of mood disorders, the scores of the five negative mood components (i.e. depression, anxiety, fatigue, confusion, and anger) should be added, followed by subtracting the positive mood factor score (vigor). A high score indicates a negative mood linked to behaviors such as anxiety, anger, depression, and other unpleasant emotions, whereas a low number represents a positive mood.⁴⁹ In a study conducted in Iran, the reliability coefficient of this questionnaire was in the range of 0.69–0.84.⁵⁰

The stimulus in this investigation was a 3-Hz binaural beat on a 174-Hz carrier tone that was created specifically for the study by Audacity software. A tone of 174 and 177 Hz were played in the left and right ear, respectively. Considering that the threshold of auditory stimulation during sleep is 60 dB SPL,⁵¹ the binaural beat was set between 60 and 75 dB SPL with a sound level meter at the individual's ear. These levels were marked, and individuals selected their most comfortable volume within this range (The majority of people chose 60 dB). Considering that the average time to complete a regular sleep cycle is 90 min,⁵² this frequency was also provided for 90 min. Participants were informed to listen to music before going to bed and turn down the volume to a comfortable level so that not to disturb them. It was impossible to stop the music by lowering the volume since it is known that the binaural beat is felt even when the signal is below the threshold of hearing.^26,42 They were told to use stereo headphones to listen to music while lying down and relaxing, with their eyes closed and the lights turned out.

Data analysis

The data were analyzed using the SPSS22 statistical software. The percentage and frequency, as well as mean and standard deviation (SD) were utilized to express qualitative and quantitative data, respectively. For all tests, the significance level was set at 0.05. The paired t-test (for data with normal distribution) and Wilcoxon test (for data with abnormal distribution) were used to determine the effect of binaural beats on moods before and after the intervention. The normality of the data distribution was confirmed by Smirnov Kolmogorov and Shapiro–Wilk tests. The mean score of each component of the POMS questionnaire and its overall score had a normal distribution when using this test.

Results

Twenty-four healthy students were chosen for this investigation although four people were removed from the study (due to not attending the study during the intervention phase), and eventually, the data of twenty people underwent analysis. Subjects’ demographic and baseline data are summarized in Table 1. Only 20% of the subjects had a history of smoking but none of them were current smokers. Female students made up 50% of the study population.

Table 1.

Demographic and baseline data for all subjects of the study.

Parameter	(Mean ± SD)
Age	27.5 ± 2.5
BMI (kg/m²⁾	24.3 ± 1.9
ISI score	6.9 ± 2
PSQI, overall score	4 ± 1.6

The results of this study are divided into primary and secondary outcomes. The primary outcomes (for assessing the sleep quality of participants) were evaluated using the Sleep Diary Questionnaire and sleep parameters. However, the secondary outcomes (for evaluating the mood of the subjects) were assessed by the POMS questionnaire, and the parameters of anxiety, depression, anger, vigor, fatigue, and confusion were examined, the results of both are described in detail as follows.

Sleep parameters

All sleep parameters without and with the intervention are provided in Table 2. The mean differences in these sleep parameters were investigated by an independent t-test. The mentioned parameters were compared for differences between the first and second weeks. The comparison of the parameters of the sleep diary before to during the intervention revealed significant changes. The results showed that the average duration of sleep latency and the number of awakenings during the night for a week of utilizing binaural beat by the intended subjects were significantly shorter compared to those who did not utilize any sound before retiring to sleep on the first week (P < 0.001). The mean duration of actual night sleep and waking time in the morning was significantly longer in the second week in comparison to the first week with intervention (P < 0.001). The Sleep Diary Questionnaire asked participants to rate their sleep quality and how they felt after waking up on a scale of very bad to excellent, thus the findings indicated that the frequency of sleep quality and how they felt after waking up were significantly different before and after the intervention (P < 0.001). When employing the binaural beat, the majority of the samples (70%) described their sleep quality as good to excellent, and their feeling after waking up (80%) was rated as good to very good.

Table 2.

Mean and standard deviation of sleep parameter on the first (without intervention) and second week (with intervention) and the result of paired t-test on sleep diary parameter.

Parameter	Without intervention	With intervention	Paired t-test
Parameter	Mean ± SD	Mean ± SD	Mean ± SD	P-value
Time standing up	6.15 ± 0.74	6.55 ± 0.81	−0.4 ± 0.77	<0.001
Sleep latency	19.1 ± 4.15	7.23 ± 2.9	11.8 ± 3.13	<0.001
Number of awaking	2.06 ± 0.73	1.06 ± 0.65	1 ± 0.69	<0.001
Total sleep time	6.05 ± 0.91	7.3 ± 0.85	−1.25 ± 1.28	<0.001

Mood state

Based on the results (Figure 1), the mean (SD) of the overall Mood State Questionnaire score was 29.8 + 7.1 and 20.7 + 7.9 on the first (without intervention) and second (with intervention) night, respectively. The total mood state scoring before and after the intervention differs significantly at P = 0.006. Table 3 presents the mean (SD) of six POMS subcomponents before and after the intervention.

Figure 1.

The mean and standard deviation of the total POMS questionnaire score on the first (before intervention) and second night (after intervention).

Table 3.

Mean and standard deviation of POMS components first (without intervention) and second night (with intervention) and the results of a paired t-test on the mean total score of mood and its sub-components before and after intervention.

Parameter	First night	Second night	Paired t-test
Parameter	Mean ± SD	Mean ± SD	Mean ± SD	P-value
Anxiety	9.8 ± 2.6	8 ± 2	1.8 ± 1.9	0.019
Depression	10.5 ± 2.2	9.6 ± 3.2	0.9 ± 2.37	0.262
Anger	8.4 ± 2.1	6.4 ± 1.8	2 ± 2.30	0.023
Vigor	15.8 ± 3.2	18 ± 3.3	−2.2 ± 3.36	0.068
Fatigue	7.9 ± 2.9	6.6 ± 1.8	1.3 ± 2.86	0.186
Confusion	9 ± 2	8.1 ± 2.6	0.9 ± 2.07	0.204
Total score	29.8 ± 7.1	20.7 ± 7.9	9.1 ± 8.08	0.006

The statistical analysis of individual mood subcomponents indicated that only anxiety and anger differences were significant (P = 0.019 and P = 0.023) both before and post-intervention. However, despite a reduction in the other negative components and an increase in the positive component (vigor), there was no statistically significant difference between depression, vigor, fatigue, and confusion before and after the intervention (Table 3).

Discussion

The influence of delta binaural beat technology on the sleep and post-sleep mood of students was investigated in this pilot study. The findings revealed that the applied binaural beat enhanced sleep diary sheet factors such as sleep failure, the number of awakenings throughout the night, real duration of sleep, sleep quality, and feeling following the waking of the individuals. Therefore, in comparison to the first week without stimulation, all sleep parameters showed a significant improvement due to stimulation in the second week. These results are in line with those of previous studies on the use of auditory stimulation to improve sleep problems. For instance, Zhou et al.⁵³ found that the use of pink noise had a significant impact on enhancing sleep quality by increasing maintained time. Likewise, Golroo et al.⁵⁴ reported that using pink noise enhances the length of deep sleep and thus improves sleep stability and quality.

The findings of this study also confirmed that individuals reported enhanced quality sleep and increased sleep satisfaction after one week of using delta binaural beats. These data could point to an increase in delta activity due to brainwave entrainment during the night, and eventually better sleep. Delta activity has a frequency of 3 Hz, and the applied binaural beat in this study had a frequency of 3 Hz as well. However, more extensive research and recording of brain wave activities during stimulation are required, and it is advised that this issue be addressed in future studies.

On the other hand, studying the mood states both before and after a delta binaural beat intervention demonstrated that after the intervention, participants had a lower overall mood score than before, indicating that they had a better mood after utilizing the delta binaural beat. In addition, a decrease in the mean score values of all negative mood components (e.g. anxiety, depression, anger, fatigue, and confusion), while an increase in the mean value of the vigor score (a positive component of mood) was observed in the one-to-one review of the mood components after the intervention compared to before the intervention (Table 3). This implies that people generally had less anxiety, depression, anger, fatigue, and confusion after the intervention and had a greater sense of vigor.

The statistical examination of the data indicated that despite a decrease in the negative components and an increase in the positive component, this change was statistically significant only in the total score of mood (P = 0.006), anxiety (P = 0.019), and anger (P = 0.023), while it was not significant in the other components. In contrast, the results of the present investigation on anxiety reduction due to the application of binaural beats are consistent with those of Wahbeh et al. (2007) and Jirakittayakorn and Wongsawat (2017). In the study by Wahbeh et al.,⁵⁵ anxiety levels decreased with the delta binaural beat after the procedure. Similarly, Jirakittayakorn and Wongsawat³³ found a significant reduction in stress and anxiety following the usage of the binaural beat. The total mood score in the current study also decreased significantly, which is in accordance with the findings of Young,⁵⁶ representing that using binaural beats resulted in relaxation. Likewise, Vera Ablen concluded that using binaural beats improved participants’ psychological states.⁴² Owens et al.⁵⁷ also found that increasing sleep duration improved sleep quality and thus lowered mood problems in a group of teenagers.

Therefore, by a significant decrease in the overall score of mood, anxiety, and anger in this study, the usage of delta binaural beats could generally enhance people's mood and thus reduce their anxiety and anger. Anxiety and anger can be easily changed by this intervention because they can be caused by minor daily situations. However, for other characteristics such as depression, there may be many chronic aspects that, while reduced, have not been able to show a significant difference under the influence of our short-term intervention. As a result, this intervention may have an impact on other parameters over a longer period of time, which should be considered in future investigations.

Considering that sleep deprivation, low quality of sleep, and mental health have an impact on each other, the improvement of the quality of sleep for students is a major component of mental health.¹⁸ Sleep has an impact on brain function, mood, and overall wellness. According to studies, students with mood disorders such as depression had lower sleep quality, delayed initiation of sleep, and frequent nighttime awakenings. Low sleep quality in students is also connected with sadness, anger, irritability and fatigue symptoms, and negative moods.⁵⁸ Researchers at the University of Pennsylvania discovered that persons who were deprived of sleep had higher levels of stress, anger, sadness, anxiety, and confusion, but their mood considerably improved following a period of normal sleep.⁵⁹

Many studies have evaluated the influence of auditory stimulation with binaural beats, white noise, pink noise, and other noises on sleep quality and mood, either concurrently or individually. In the study by LaAnne et al.⁶⁰ on college students, the rate of sleep latencies, as well as night wake-up and general sleep issues decreased when students used white noise each night. The use of binaural beats increased athletes’ sleep quality and post-sleep mood in a trial by Vera Ablen.⁴² As a consequence, the findings of previous studies on sleep parameters are compatible with those of the current study. The use of delta binaural beats in this trial, as in other investigations, resulted in a reduction in sleep onset latency, a decrease in the frequency of nighttime awakenings, and an improvement in real sleep length. In addition, the subjects’ sleep quality and feelings after waking up represented an improvement. Overall, it was demonstrated that using the delta binaural beat can improve students’ sleep and mood.

Listening to binaural beats seems to be a relatively safe, simple, and flexible technique for altering or enhancing the function of the brain. Contrarily, Wahbeh et al.⁵⁵ reported the adverse side effects of listening to binaural beats for 60 days according to subject interviews, although safety was informally assessed, and long-term safety issues were not taken into consideration.

However, reports on the side effects of using binaural beats are extremely rare, and there have been no reported dangers during controlled studies. The most dangerous thing about binaural beats is the same as listening to too loud music. Listening to sound for a long period of time at or above 85 decibels may cause hearing loss in the long term.⁶¹ Similarly, evidence exists on potential unwanted side effects in this regard. For example, some studies reported that the repetitive and unnatural sound of the binaural beat could make people feel uncomfortable.^62,63 In addition, binaural beats seem to feel uncomfortable in the sense that repeated auditory stimuli cause anxiety and depression.⁶⁴ However, a limited body of research has focused on the relationship between binaural beats and subjective emotions.^30,65 In the present study, no side effects were reported by participants, and people did not feel uncomfortable hearing the binaural beat.

According to these results, using delta binaural beats may improve mood and relaxation by reducing anxiety and anger in a person since other mood parameters did not indicate a significant difference. This is most likely due to the small sample size and a short period of intervention. Furthermore, future research should focus on the impact of this intervention on a larger population. Finally, it is ideal for individuals to use a binaural beat for a longer period of time (e.g. one month) in order to estimate its long-term effect.

Conclusion

Based on the findings of this pilot study, auditory stimulation with a delta binaural beat could enhance sleep and mood state. In other words, the usage of delta binaural beats, as well as the influence of one's sleep may affect people's moods. This implies that utilizing the delta binaural beat on the night of the intervention generated a state of calm, which resulted in a reduction in anxiety and anger, as well as a better overall mood. On the other hand, the effect of this intervention on sleep represents that falling asleep early and getting a full night's sleep, as well as reducing the number of nighttime awakenings will result in a better mood and less anxiety and anger.

Considering that sleep quality and mood improve each other, boosting sleep quality and quantity and hence reported mood in this study indicates that delta binaural beats can affect sleep and post-sleep mood. As a result, it seems that this technology can be used to improve conditions such as insomnia, frequent night awakenings, anxiety, and general mood and introduced as an alternative to costly procedures or pharmaceuticals with numerous adverse effects. However, it should be noted that consistent use over a long period of time is required for achieving such benefits. Auditory stimulation with a delta binaural beat during sleep appears to be a beneficial approach for supporting and improving students’ sleep quality in a non-invasive, time-saving, and comfortable method. The primary evidence and approach for future elaborations are provided within this pilot study.

Key point

Delta binaural beat causes people to fall asleep earlier, wake up less during sleep, and getting a full night's sleep.

People will feel better after sleeping with delta binaural beats since they will be more satisfied with their sleep.

An increase in sleep quality can help to improve mood.

Getting a good night's sleep should lower anxiety and make people feel less angry.

Footnotes

Acknowledgments

The authors express their gratitude to Tehran University of Medical Sciences, as well as all volunteered students for their trust, involvement, and time.

Conflict of interests

The authors declared no potential conflicts of interest with respect to the research, authorship, and/or publication of this article.

Ethical approval

The study was approved by the ethics committee of Tehran University of Medical Sciences.

Funding

The authors disclosed receipt of the following financial support for the research, authorship, and/or publication of this article: This research was funded by Tehran University of Medical Sciences.

ORCID iD

Roya Dabiri

Notes

a. Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index. b. Insomnia Severity Index.

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