Children who present with severe behavioral concerns may be diagnosed as having other commonly diagnosed childhood disorders, such as attention deficit hyperactivity disorder, oppositional defiant disorder, and/or conduct disorder, among others, when they may be suffering from early-onset bipolar disorder. Awareness of the symptoms of early-onset bipolar disorder may lead to appropriate referrals for assessment and treatment, as well as collaborative program planning for children with bipolar disorder. Implications and recommendations for school counselors are discussed.
Get full access to this article
View all access options for this article.
References
1.
American Psychiatric Association. (2000). Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders (4th ed., text rev.). Washington, DC: Author.
2.
American School Counselor Association. (2000). The professional school counselor and attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder: American School Counselor Association (ASCA) position. Retrieved July 27, 2004, from http://www.schoolcounselor.org/content.cfm?L1=1000&L2=4
3.
BashirM., RussellJ., & JohnsonG. (1987). Bipolar affective disorder in adolescence: A 10-year study. Australian and New Zealand Journal of Psychiatry, 21, 36–43.
4.
BiedermanJ., FaraoneS., MickE., WozniakJ., ChenL., OuelletteC., et al. (1996). Attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder and juvenile mania: An overlooked comorbidity?Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 35,997–1008.
5.
BockL. P. (1999). Differential diagnoses, co-morbidities, and complications of eating disorders. In LembergR. & CohnL. (Eds.), Eating disorders: A reference sourcebook (pp. 41–43). Phoenix, AZ:The Oryx Press.
6.
BowringM. A., & KovacsM. (1992). Difficulties in diagnosing manic disorders among children and adolescents. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 31, 611-614.
7.
BrentD. A., PerperJ. A., MoritzG., AllmanC., FriendA., RothC., et al. (1993). Psychiatric risk factors for adolescent suicide: A case-control study. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 32,521–529.
8.
CarlsonG. A., FennigS., & BrometE.J. (1994).The confusion between bipolar disorder and schizophrenia in youth: Where does it stand in the 1990s?Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 28,221–228.
9.
FaraoneS.V., BiedermanJ., WozniakJ., MundyE., MenninD., & O'DonnellD. (1997). Is comorbidity with ADHD a marker for juvenile-onset mania?Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 36, 1046–1055.
10.
GellerB., FoxL., & ClarkK. (1994). Rate and predictors of prepubertal bipolarity during follow-up of 6- to 12-year-old depressed children.. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 33,461–468.
11.
GellerB., & LubyJ. (1997). Child and adolescent bipolar disorder: A review of the past 10 years. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 36, 1168–1176.
12.
GellerB., WilliamsM., ZimmermanB., FrazierJ., BeringerL., & WarnerK. L. (1998). Prepubertal and early adolescent pibolarity differentiate from ADHD by manic symptoms, grandiose delusions, ultrarapid or ultradian cycling.. Journal of Affective Disorders, 51,81–91.
13.
GreeneR.J. (1996). The explosive child.New York: Harper Collins.
14.
HazellP. L., CarrV., LewinT. J., & SlyK. (2003). Manic symptoms in young males with ADHD predict functioning but not diagnosis after 6 years. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 42,552–561.
15.
KovacsM., & PollockM. (1995). Bipolar disorder and co-morbid conduct disorder in childhood and adolescence. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescence, 34,715–723.
16.
LewinsohnP. M., KleinD. N., & SeelyJ. R. (1995). Bipolar disorders in a community sample of older adolescents: Prevalence, phenomenology, comorbidity, and course.. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 34, 454–463.
17.
National Institute of Mental Health. (2000). Child and adolescent bipolar disorder: An update from the National Institute of Mental Health. Retrieved July 8, 2004, from http://www.nimh.nih.gov/publicat/bipolarupdate.cfm
18.
PapolosD.F., & PapolosJ.(1999). The bipolar child: The definitive and reassuring guide to childhood's most misunder-stood disorder.New York: Broadway Books.
19.
PopperC. (1996). Diagnosing bipolar vs. ADHD: A pharmacological point of view. The Link, 13.
20.
StateR. C., AltshulerL. L., & FryeM. A. (2002). Mania and attention deficit hyperactivity disorder in a prepubertal child: Diagnostic and treatment challenges.. American Journal of Psychiatry, 159(6), 918–925.
21.
WozniakJ., BiedermanJ., KielyK., AblonJ. S., FaraoneS.V., MundyE., et al. (1995). Mania-like symptoms suggestive of childhood-onset bipolar disorder in clinically referred children.. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 34,867–877.