Educational Games in Science Center: Experiences of Pre-Service Science Teachers

Aims of the Study

It has been determined that studies on museums and science centers focus more on visitors and students’ behaviors, emotions and experiences, understanding concepts and their impact on various skills, etc. (e.g., Anderson et al., 2003; Beiers & McRobbie, 1992; Falk & Dierking, 2000; Hannu, 1993; Henriksen & Jorde, 2001; Hofstein & Rosenfeld, 1996; Öztürk & Laçin Şimşek, 2019), but studies on educational games are limited (Jahreie et al., 2011; Rowe et al., 2017). Although there are works related to games in the museum, these are mostly limited to museums or art museums. In the studies, it is seen that the games are mostly entertainment-oriented. However, in this study, educational games were used. The games prepared are directly related to the science lesson concepts and aim to be noticed/repeated/used the subjects to be taught in the lesson. In games, learning is more prominent and this learning can be realized by interacting with the visited environment.

In this study, it was aimed to identify opinions about playing games in the science center. The pre-service teachers’ opinions who played educational games in the science center were asked. Because, the feedback of pre-service teachers about whether the games mediate the learning of science concepts and the careful examination of the exhibits is important in terms of determining the effectiveness of the games. For this reason, it can be argued whether educational games can be an effective tool in line with the opinions of preservice teachers who personally experience educational games and provide an idea for future research.

Sub-Problems

Research Model

The study, which aims to determine the opinions about the games prepared for the science center, was a phenomenological research. In phenomenological studies, it is aimed to reveal and interpret the perceptions of individuals about a case (Yıldırım & Şimşek, 2005). In this way, it is focused on the situations that are aware of the fact, but we do not have an in-depth and detailed understanding (Holstein & Gubrium, 1996). Thus, the meanings that individuals attribute to the activities will be revealed through their subjective experiences (Baş & Akturan, 2008). Experience is essential in phenomenology research. This situation distinguishes phenomenological research from other qualitative research conducted through interviews (Ersoy, 2017). In the present study, the games prepared related to the science lesson for a science center were played to pre-service science teachers in another project. As a result of their experiences, their opinions about playing games in the science center and its educational value were determined. An open-ended questionnaire, whose details are given in the data collection tools section, was used in order to determine their opinions. Data collection in phenomenological studies is usually collected using in-depth and multiple interviews with participants. However, other data collection tools such as observations and diaries can also be used (Creswell, 2013). In this study, the data were collected with an open-ended questionnaire, as the opportunity for individual and multiple interviews with the participants was not created due to the intense work schedule of the project, but the findings were supported by the observations of the observers.

Study Group

The study group of this research consists of 30 fourth grade pre-service science teachers from 15 different universities. Participants are between the ages of 21 and 23, 17 are females and 13 are males. All participants have done their internship at schools.

The project participants were formed in line with the criterion sampling. In order to identify the participants, the project was announced through social media and applications were received. There were 342 applications for the project. Pre-service teachers who are fourth year science teaching students from different universities, who have not been involved in such a project before and who have completed their internship, were selected. About 30 [thirty] participants were selected in line with the budget allocated to the project. Thus, the project tries to provide maximum diversity by selecting students from 15 different universities located in different regions of Turkey.

The Place of Research and the Educational Games Used in the Research

The project included in this study is a project supported by The Scientific and Technological Research Council of Turkey (TUBITAK) within the scope of the Scientific Education Activities Support Program. The aim of these projects is to bring students from different universities together and provide training from experts. The project was carried out in Kocaeli Science Center. Kocaeli Science Center, which is located in one of Turkey’s metropolitan cities. Kocaeli Science Center was established in partnership with Kocaeli Metropolitan Municipality and TUBITAK. Kocaeli Science Center is located on an area of 8,500 m² inside the Seka Paper Factory, which was built in 1934. Seka Paper Factory has been restored and continues to serve as Kocaeli Science Center and Seka Paper Museum. The science center was established under the consultancy of the Explatorium Science Center in San Francisco. In the science center, there are four different galleries: Gallery of Perception and Reality, Dynamic World Gallery, Sultans of Science, and Water Area Gallery. In the Gallery of Perception and Reality, where the games are played, there are exhibits related to optics, sound, and senses; in Dynamic World Gallery, there are exhibits on climate events, natural disasters, DNA, molecules, elements, space, etc.; there are exhibits on scientists and their inventions in the Sultans of Science. In the science center, there are 250 exhibits, as well as a show stage where scientific demonstrations and interviews are held, a library, a science cafe, and an Industry 4.0 Inventor World Laboratory (www.kocaelibilimmerkezi.com).

The games used in the research are educational games prepared by science teachers at another project (The name of the project is Science Teachers at The Science Center) conducted by the same researchers, previously supported by TUBITAK. Attention has been paid to prepare the questions and tasks included in these games in such a way as to enable students to carefully examine the science center and exhibits, and to require the use and understanding of science concepts. The games that were prepared were organized many times and tested by both project team and science center employees. In this research, four different games were used. These games are related to the subjects and concepts in the science lesson and have been prepared in line with the 2018 National Science Lesson Curriculum.

Before the game, the groups visited the science center freely. The participants played the games by setting up six different groups of five. (The games are available at www.bilimmerkezinde.sakarya.edu.tr). The game forms contain instructions on how to play. The groups read these instructions first, then examined the relevant mechanism and fulfilled the tasks to answer the questions in the game. The general features of the games are as follows:

The common features of these games are that they are directly related to secondary school science lesson subjects, the exhibits need to be examined carefully and there is a worksheet to fill. Questions can not be answered without fulfilling the tasks in exhibits at the science center. Participants must examine the exhibit carefully.

The features that make the games useful and different are that they are well structured, specially prepared for the science center, are related to the concepts in the science program, the worksheets in the games are not long and complex, contain clear and simple questions, and consist of certain steps. In order to carry out the steps in the games, the exhibitions must be observed and examined well. Questions can only be answered by making observations. For example, in one game students have to find the exhibit with the spring inside. In the exhibition, it is requested to touch the spring. Although the spring is visible in the exhibition, it cannot be touched. Because the spring that actually appears is the reflection of the spring in the mirror. Students need to discover this, remember what they learned about mirrors and reflection during their lessons, and explain the reason for their observations. They cannot move on to the next task without completing this task.

Data Collection Tools

In the study, an open-ended questionnaire and semi-structured obvervations were used as data collection tools.

Data Analysis

Data collected through open-ended questions were evaluated by content analysis. Content analysis is the systematic review of communication materials (these materials do not necessarily have to be in a written form but can be musical, pictures, etc.). The important thing is to record the material to be analyzed (Mayring, 2005). In the study, written data was collected by a form containing questions asking the opinions of the preservice teachers after playing the games, and these data were supported with observation data and photographs. The answers given by the teacher pre-service teachers to the related questions and the analysis process of the observation data are as follows:

1st Step: By examining the data in line with the sub-problems, the researchers made a classification as to which questions will answer which sub-problems. The basic code draft list was created by examining some of the open-ended questionnaires and observation records. For example, in the list of pre-service teachers’ opinions about the games developed for the science center, a code list of being educational, enabling discovery, social interaction, permanence, being fun, exciting, being effective-successful, being useful was determined. (1st Meeting).

2nd Step: The researchers examined all the forms individually and coded based on the basic code list. New codes were added to the list as the forms were examined.

3rd Step: A meeting was held to compare the first versions of the codings made separately by the researchers. At the meeting, data that were out of harmony in coding were discussed and consensus was reached. For example, while learning by having fun, which is not included in the list exemplified in the 1st step, was under educational code by some researchers, while other researchers added it to the code list as a new code. After the discussion, it was decided to consider it as a separate code. Likewise, ‘being creative’, which was not in the code list in the 1st step but was seen in the answers of two pre-service teachers afterwards, was added to the list (2nd Meeting).

4th Step: The researchers re-analyzed the out-of-compliance data using the agreed code list.

5th Step: After the researchers completed their final coding, they re-gathered and created the themes from the codings. At this stage, some changes were made in the way codes are expressed. Codes with similar content were brought together and renamed, and then themes were created from codes that provide semantic unity in terms of content. For example, the ‘being educational’ code in 1st Step has been changed to ‘instructive-educational’. The codings that express the benefits of the game are themed under the name of ‘contributions of the game’, and the codings for the content of the game under the name of ‘quality of the game’ (See Table 3) (3rd Meeting).

Created themes and codings are presented in tables in the Findings section. In order to keep the identities of the pre-service teachers confidential, each pre-service teacher was named P1, P2 with the sequence number assigned to them.

The measures taken to ensure the validity and reliability of the research are as follows:

Findings Related to Pre-Service Teachers’ Opinions About Playing Games at Science Center

The analysis of the data related to the pre-service teachers’ opinions about playing games in science center are presented in Table 1.

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Table 1.

Pre-Service Teachers’ Opinions About Playing Games in Science Center.

Theme	Code	Frequency
Instruction	Learning through fun	14
	Permanent learning	9
	Being instructive	8
	Being efficient-effective-useful	8
	Learning through doing and experience	6
	Reinforcement	5
	Motivate	5
Entertainment	Entertaining	22
Skill	Group work	8
	Communication-interaction	6
	Using time effectively	2
	Developing scientific process skills	2
Exhibit	Make exhibit noticed	6
	Ensuring careful-appropriate view of the exhibits	6
	Ensuring exhibits to be discovered-to be understood	4

The pre-service teachers’ opinions about playing games in science center were gathered under four themes: “instruction, entertainment, skill, and exhibit.” It is seen that opinions of pre-service teachers are mostly gathered under the theme of instruction (55 frequency). It is followed by 22 entertainment, 18 skill, and 16 exhibit themes.

Under the theme of instruction, the most frequent code was that games provide learning through fun (14 of the 30 participants). In addition, the codings under this theme were games “provide permanent learning,” “are instructive,” “efficient-effective-useful,” “they give the opportunity to learn by doing,” “reinforce,” and “motivate.”

The expressions of pre-service teacher P1 is a good example of the instruction theme:

“In terms of education, there is a truly active and entertaining learning environment. I think these activities should always be in science education and their frequency should be increased and be more organized in order to ensure active learning. Because it has a lot of encouraging aspect of motivation and learning, it prevents boredom and indifference, and permanent learning is provided by discovering and comprehensing these activities. For this reason, it is really necessary to prepare activities according to age groups in science centers. Instead of delivering direct instruction of the science center, we can increase interest in the lesson and increase success with such activities.”

In P1’s response, it is also emphasized that games provide exploration and comprehension. These statements were coded in the theme of the exhibit under the exploration-comprehension of the exhibits.

In P1’s response, emphasis is put on the discovery and understanding of the games, which are coded under the theme of the exhibit under the discovery-understanding of the exhibits.

“Entertainment” has become the second theme. The majority of pre-service teachers (f = 22) stated that they found it entertaining to play games in the science center. P23 responded “Playing games in the science center is, first of all, entertaining. It provides students learning through fun. Playing games increases the willingness to participate. It provides motivation.” He/she emphasized the fun nature of the game and this increased the willingness by providing fun learning.

In the skill theme, which was in the third place with the frequency of 18, the pre-service teachers included group work, communication-interaction, effective use of time, and scientific process skills, respectively, among the skills they think games improve. The pre-service teacher numbered P8 stated that they improved their group work and communication skills while playing games in the science center as follows:

“I think it was a fun environment. We had fun while learning. In this process, communication with my group friends has been strengthened. And based on each other’s ideas, we reached conclusions” (P8)

Regarding the effective use of time, P5’s “. . . Thanks to the games, we both improved collaborative learning and group work skills and gained the skills of using time effectively and attention.” and for the development of scientific process skills, P20’s “. . . It is a good opportunity for students to play games in the science center and make a great contribution to students’ scientific process skills. I think it will be a good activity for students with time management problems to use the time efficiently. “ statements can be given as an example. In the statement of P20, it is seen that he also touches on using time efficiently.

Under the theme of the exhibit are the codes of playing games in the science center to draw the attention to the exhibits, to ensure that the exhibits are examined carefully-appropriately, and to discover and understand the exhibits. Pre-service teachers expressed in their statements, collected under the relevant codings, how they used the science center more effectively thanks to the games.The opinions of pre-service teachers P3 and P11 are presented below to set an example for this theme:

“The game in the science center was both very instructive and very enjoyable. At first, we did not pay much attention to some things while examining the materials, but through the games we understood better the purpose of the material and its adaptation to science, it became more efficient.” (P3)

“It allows students to realize the points that they do not notice while visiting. Since they are realized with the correct use of the mechanisms in the science center, they may realize their mistakes. I think that playing games is effective because learning is fun while visiting the science center.” (P11)

In both examples, there are expressions that the exhibits, which were not noticed during the science center visit, and which were noticed by means of games, were used carefully, accurately, and in a meaningful way.

Findings Regarding Pre-Service Teachers’ Opinions About Games Developed in Science Center

Under this heading, the distribution of pre-service teachers’ answers to the question of what their opinions on the games developed in the science center are examined by themes. Related themes and codings are presented in Table 2.

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Table 2.

Pre-Service Teachers’ Opinions About the Games Developed for the Science Center.

Theme		Code	Frequency
Positive	Contributions of game	Instructive-educational	12
		Providing to explore/discover exhibits	7
		Interact with the group	7
		Learning through fun	4
		Ensuring permanence	3
	Quality of the game	Fun-enjoyable	14
		Interesting-exciting	5
		Effective-successful	4
		Helpful-useful	4
		Creative	2
Negative		Unexplicit guidelines	4

As it can be seen in Table 2, it was revealed that pre-service teachers’ evaluations of games developed for the science center were positive except for four negative comments. Various codes were obtained from 26 pre-service teachers under two themes as contributions of the game (33 frequency) and quality of the game (29 frequency). The contributions of the game are noticeable in terms of theme, and the fact that the games have the most frequency (12 frequencies) being instructive-educational is followed by providing to explore/discover the exhibits, interaction with the group, learning through fun and ensuring permanence. It is possible to exemplify the first three codings related to the contributions of the game in P3’s expressions:

“The games were suitable for observation, were found by using the mechanism, and enabled us to interact with the group and brainstorm, so it was instructive and nice” (P3)

P3 states with “found by using the mechanism” that the correct answers were reached only when the exhibit was examined with the instructions of the game. Furthermore, P8 pre-service teacher expressed his/her opinions on analyzing, discovering the exhibits and interacting with the group by stating: “I think it allows us to examine more carefully while visiting the science center. I think these games increase the interaction between the groups.”

While P9 puts emphasized on learning through fun in his/her expression “Absolutely beautiful. Very well devised games. It literally proves that students learn something while having fun. . .”; P16 stated that it made many contributions and that the information he/she learned by having fun is permanent with the following statement:

“Kinesthetic, collaborative, group-based, cognitive, psychomotor, in short, I think it contributed to me a lot in every sense. I learned with fun through the inquisitive and critical, scrutinizingly questions prepared in games and made it permanent” (P16)

When the theme of the quality of the game is analyzed, it is seen that the code of being fun-enjoyable comes to the fore with 14 frequency. The fact that the game is interesting-exciting, effective-successful, helpful-useful, and creative follows this code, respectively. In his/her expression “The games we played are generally fun and directly to the mechanism at the science center. Therefore, we cannot answer questions without seeing the mechanisms. For this reason, they are instructive, and we played without getting bored.” stated that they had fun and learned via games by visiting the exhibits. P4 emphasized that he/she found the games effective and creative in his/her statement below:

“I found the games very creative. It makes learning easier. It is a very successful activity in terms of student assessment and giving feedback to the student. Students can achieve both interaction and different types of learning thanks to collaborative work” (P4)

“Games were fun. It was blended in accordance with the science. But in some games, I think the direcitve is not clear (P13)” was shown as a justification that the directives were not clear in the comments of four pre-serivce teachers under the title of negative. However, it was observed that these pre-service teachers made many positive comments about games besides this opinion.

Findings on the Role of Games in Exploring the Science Center and Its Exhibits

Under this title pre-service teachers’ opinions regarding the questions are given. The questions are “Do you think that games are effective in discovering the exhibits in the science center? How?” (Table 3). “Have the games contributed to your understanding of what is required to describe in the exhibits? How?” (Table 4). In addition, this research question was tried to be answered by supporting with observation data.

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Table 3.

Pre-Service Teachers’ Opinions on the Contribution of Games to Exploring Exhibits in the Science Center.

Theme	Code	Frequency
Interacting with exhibits	Exploring-understanding exhibits	8
	Detailed examination of exhibits	4
	Understanding information	4
	Examining exhibits	3
	Reading tag-directive	2
Science center	Noticing the parts that are not noticed in exhibits	10
	Careful visiting-exploring the science center	6
The quality of the game	Good direction of content-questions	6
	Suitability for observation	3

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Table 4.

Opinions on the Contribution of the Games to the Understanding of What Is Wanted to be Explained in the Exhibits.

Theme	Code	Frequency
Related to game	Using mechanism correctly-need/provide to understand	14
	Recognizing the unnoticed mechanism	4
	Detailed examination of the mechanism	3
	Associating with tags-required reading	2
	Gradual/cycle of the game	2
Related to exhibit	Access-understand to the information	13
	Game-exhibit association	11

When the pre-service teachers’ opinions given in Table 3 about the contribution of games to exploring the exhibits in the science center are evaluated, it is seen that the most frequent code is in the theme of interaction with the exhibits. Under this theme, discovering-understanding exhibits is often in the first place. This is followed by the detailed examination of the exhibits, understanding the information, the examination of the exhibits and the reading of tag-directive. P13, P14 and P15 mentioned the effects of the games in a very detailed and descriptive way in terms of interaction with the exhibits. The statements of pre-service teachers are given below:

“Yes. Because we can examine some mechanisms superficially or overlook them. But thanks to the games, we can examine and use the mechanisms efficiently. In order to achieve the correct result or to achieve the next task, we need to use the game / mechanism correctly. In this way, we can use the mechanism efficiently” (P13)

“Yes, I think usually, we pass by looking at the mechanisms. We are not looking for information about the purpose of the mechanism, how it works, what is done. These games allow us to explore the mechanisms in detail” (P14)

“Yes, I think because the tasks in the games enabled us to both use and understand that mechanism. Since we did not read the directives before, we both read, learned and interacted in these games” (P15)

All three pre-service teachers draw attention to the fact that they did a superficial examination and there was something they overlooked when they visited the science center before playing games. It is seen that all three pre-service teachers stated that they had a effective interaction with the exhibits through games. P15 also added that the content and questions of the games increased this interaction.

According to the codings in the science center theme, which came in the second place with 16 frequency, the student P12 stated “Yes. There were places we missed while trying to understand the purpose of some mechanisms, there were some points we overlooked while trying to understand its mechanism. The games not only helped us find these overlooked points, but because we played a lot of games, we understood better what was where and how it worked.”

In the theme of the quality of the game, the highest frequency (frequency 6) is seen in the good guidance of the content/questions. Then comes the suitable for observation code. The good guidance of content-questions is examined in the expression of P15. The expressions of P3 and P10 are illustrative examples of suitability for observation code:

“Yes. For example, the spring-loaded mechanism did not attract my attention much when I was walking around with my group before the game. According to the orbit in the game, I understand that the spring was actually below, that we could see the bow in front of us thanks to the hollow mirror. It was instructive and remarkable.” (P3).

“Yes, there was. Thanks to the games developed, I learned which color was mixed with which color. I learned the contributions of scientists to science. By making me examine celestial objects more carefully, they made me eliminate the information I was missing.” (P10).

It is clearly seen in the responses of both pre-service teachers that the games facilitate the understanding of the exhibits associated with the games by directing them to make observations.

In Table 4, when the pre-service teachers’ opinions on the contribution of the games to their understanding of what is wanted to be explained in the exhibits, two themes appear. The code with the highest frequency (14 frequencies) in the game-related theme is using mechanism correctly-need/provide to understand code. This is followed by recognizing the unnoticed mechanism, detailed examination of the mechanism, associating with tags-required reading, and the gradual/cycle of the game.

When the theme related to the exhibit is examined, it is seen that providing the access/understand to the information is the most frequent code (13 frequencies). The game-exhibit association code is followed.

Expressions directing to require/understand the correct use of the mechanism and providing the access/understand to the information were generally found together. The expression of the pre-service teacher coded P8, which includes these two codes, is presented below as an example:

“Yes, it contributed. For example, in the mechanism where the colors are coming from, I am of the opinion that I would open all of them first and get 3 colors, but since each game has an activity related to it, it helped to understand how the mechanism works.” (P8)

In addition, the emphasis was put on the gradual/cycle of the game in the P5’s statement “Of course. Since It was not possible to pass to 2nd stage without finding 1st stage in the games, we were able to thoroughly grasp and understand the mechanism and the event described in the game.” Beside these two codings, P25 also added the relationship between the game and the exhibit with the following statement “Yes. Because we were required to understand the most crucial point of the mechanism and how it was realized theoretically. They understood the theory and applied the mechanism and provided complete learning.” the relationship between the game and the exhibit was clarified. As seen from the statement given below, the pre-service teacher coded P11 speaks about the contribution of the games to the recognition of the unnoticed mechanism.

“Yes, it contributed. In order to find the mechanism described with the clues given, it is necessary to use and understand the mechanism correctly. Sometimes the wrong mechanism were gone, so that the correct understanding of the mechanism was provided, the mistakes were noticed” (P11)

For the codes for detailed examination of the mechanism and associating with tags, P15 said that “Yes, there was. Because we had to both read and understand those activities. Because the activities required this.” can be given as an example.

Two separate observations were conducted in order to support the findings of the pre-service teachers’ opinions on the contribution of playing games in the science center. During the first observation, the participants walked freely around the exhibits in groups. During the second observation, they played the games given to them. Each group was given worksheets containing the tasks in the games to fill in during the games. Observations are grouped under three headings: Participants’ behavior, interactions with the exhibit, and social sharing. Findings of the comparisons made under these headings are given in Table 5.

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Table 5.

Observations of Pre-Service Teachers’ Interactions With Exhibits.

	During the free trip	While playing game
Participant behaviors
Acting with the group	Group members act together. However, sometimes one or more members may turn to different setups or several groups can examine the exhibit together.	Group members act together.
Interest in exhibits	They are very interested in exhibits. They examine the exhibits. They make the necessary applications. Usually, one or two people practice it, and the others follow.	There is a lot of interest in exhibits. Group members behave more meticulously during the applications and repeat their observations until they are sure that they make the correct observation. The tasks included in the worksheet increase their interest and attention to exhibits.
Interest in labels	Group members mostly read labels. However, it has been observed that while one person is reading the label, others do the applications simultaneously. If the exhibit is an easy-to-use and understandable exhibit, it has been observed that they do not show interest in the label.	It has been observed that the labels are definitely read in order to answer correctly the questions in the worksheets. Often, more than one group member gains control by reading the label.
Interaction with the exhibit
Time	If the exhibit is interesting and entertaining, The time spent examinating the exhibit increases.	They behave carefully and check again and again in order to make the correct observation related to the exhibit. The time to examine the exhibits has increased.
An attempt to make sense of observations	While examining the exhibits, it was seen that they mostly talked about what they saw, rarely about the reasons.	It was seen that they tried to make explanations based on the information they learned in the lessons in order to be sure of the accuracy of what they observed in the exhibits in the plays.
Social interaction
Conversation	While examining the exhibits, they talk to each other. While their conversations are sometimes about their observations, sometimes they are about themselves. Sometimes they can talk about completely different topics. They joke a lot.	They talk a lot among themselves. Discussion topics are more about what they observed and the scientific explanation of their observations. They argue among themselves in order to answer the questions correctly.
Entertainment	Group members are having fun. They joke with each other. They often take pictures. It is observed that the entertainment is quite intense.	Group members have an exciting and fun experience during the game. Besides, they discuss their observations and question their reasons.

It was observed that the participants’ opinions about playing games in the science center were supported by observation data. In their answers to open-ended questions about playing games in the science center, the pre-service teachers stated that playing educational games in the science center enabled them to examine and understand the exhibits better, to notice the exhibits, to discuss their observations among themselves and their reasons more, to make more careful examinations, to read the labels more carefully; they also expressed that they had fun and learned. In the observations, findings were obtained to support these statements. In the observations, it was noticed that the participants examined the exhibits more carefully, discussed the reasons for their observations, and all group members were involved in the process to make sure that they made correct observations. The emphasis on learning through fun, which is frequently expressed by the participants, was also observed during the observations. Some of the photos supporting these findings are presented below:

When it comes to working together with the group, it was observed that the participants sometimes present different behaviors in their free choice time [reviewing alone (Photo 1), examining with more than one group (Photo 2), etc.], but they work together with their own groups while playing games (Photos 3 and 4)

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While playing the games, it was observed that the participants examined the exhibits more carefully and all group members discussed among themselves. They fill out the worksheets together. In Photo 5, it was observed that the group members could sometimes behave independently during the free trip, while they were constantly working together during the games. Photographs of three of the observed groups while trying to perform the tasks in the worksheet as a group are presented in Photos 6 to 8.

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Limitations

During the project studies, very intense activities took place and the participants actively took part in these activities for an average of 10 hours a day. Due to the busy schedule and the fact that the participants were tired at the end of the activities, there was no separate time period for flow-up interviews with the participants. The fact that the answers to open-ended questions are not strengthened by interviews is a limitation of the study.