Influence of Insurance Status on Curve Magnitude in Adolescent Idiopathic Scoliosis in Mainland China

Abstract

Study Design:

Retrospective cohort study.

Objectives:

To determine whether there is an association between insurance status and curve magnitude in idiopathic scoliosis pediatric patients in mainland China.

Methods:

Medical records of patients with adolescent idiopathic scoliosis in 4 tertiary spine centers across China from January 2013 to December 2017 were analyzed. Data was extracted on insurance status, curve magnitude, recommended treatment at presentation, source of referral, and treatment initiated. Additional information was collected for patients requiring corrective surgery, including time from recommendation for surgery to surgery and clinically relevant parameters such as, postoperative complications, and pre-/postoperative Scoliosis Research Society–22 scores were also collected for patients requiring corrective surgery.

Results:

Of the 1785 patients included, 1032 were Urban Resident Basic Medical Insurance Scheme (URBMS) insured and 753 were New Rural Cooperative Medical Scheme (NRCMS) insured. NRCMS patients presented with a larger major curve than URBMS patients (32.9° ± 15.1° vs 29.3° ± 12.6°, P = .028). For patients having surgery recommended, NRCMS patients presented with a larger mean Cobb angle at the first presentation (57.7° vs 50.9°, P < .0001) and at time of surgery (61.3° vs 52.2°, P < .0001), and experienced a significantly longer time from surgery recommendation to decision for surgery. Complication rates were comparable between the 2 groups, except for pulmonary complications (NRCMS 7.3% vs URBMS 2.8%, P = .04). Postoperatively, patients covered by NRCMS insurance experienced greater overall improvement in health-related quality of life and were less satisfied with the treatments.

Conclusions:

This study shows that health insurance may influence the severity of scoliosis on presentation, with implications on early diagnosis and surgery time.

Keywords

adolescent idiopathic scoliosis insurance health-related quality of life curve magnitude reimbursement

Introduction

The prevalence of adolescent idiopathic scoliosis (AIS) is approximately 3% in the general population, and up to 0.1% of people diagnosed with AIS is at risk of surgery.¹ AIS is a progressive disease. Earlier diagnosis may allow for conservative treatment, such as observation or bracing. For patients requiring surgical correction, the ability to access care earlier could potentially result in shorter operation time, fewer vertebral levels instrumented, and preservation of distal motion segments.² It is well documented that economic status affects access to and utilization of medical care, treatment decisions, and patient outcomes.^3
-5

In China, many adolescents with scoliosis are deterred from early diagnosis and referral to a specialist, due to economic status. This affects the progression of the curve, causes adverse health effects such as cardiopulmonary compromise, and increases AIS management complexity. With commercial health insurance underdeveloped, China’s government has reforms in the health care system, facilitating access to health care and protecting residents from impoverishment by illness. Today there are 2 basic health insurance schemes for children, including (1) the New Rural Cooperative Medical Scheme (NRCMS) for children from rural areas and (2) the Urban Resident Basic Medical Insurance Scheme (URBMS) for children from urban areas.⁶ Yet the reimbursement rate can be of great difference between these 2 schemes. For patients with URBMS seeking help in a scoliosis specialty center, the scheme would cover more than 80% of their bill. However, for those with NRCMS, the scheme would cover only about 30% or less of the bill.

There is still no consensus on how insurance status impacts on the diagnosis and treatment of AIS.^7,8 To date, no study has addressed this issue in China. In this research, we first quantify the relationship between insurance scheme and the curve magnitude at the first presentation to a surgeon. We then evaluate the impact of the 2 different insurance schemes on surgical waiting times, hospitalizations, and health-related quality of life of patients treated with posterior spinal instrumentation and fusion. We hypothesized that patients with NRCMS have limited access to healthcare and therefore would present with larger curves, and the improvement in health-related quality of life would be lower in patients with URBMS.

Materials and Methods

We retrospectively reviewed the medical records of AIS patients in 4 tertiary spine centers across China from January 2013 to December 2017.

Inclusion criteria were (1) age 10 to 18 years at the time of diagnosis of idiopathic scoliosis and (2) first visit to the spine specialty center due to scoliosis. Patients were excluded from the study if they had received prior treatment (bracing or surgery), or they were diagnosed with congenital, neuromuscular, or syndromic scoliosis. Treatment strategy of AIS was based on curve magnitude and Risser sign. Observation was recommended for patients with mild curves of less than 25° and patients with curves over 25° who had reached skeletal maturity. Bracing was recommended for patients with Risser 0 to 2 and curves 25° to 40°. Surgery was considered for patients with curve reaching 50° or curves between 40° and 50°, for patients with skeletal immaturity. Data extracted from medical records included age at presentation, sex, menarche status for girls, insurance type, and treatment recommendations at the first visit. Radiographic data was also collected, including curve magnitude, levels involved, and Risser stage. For patients underdoing posterior spinal fusion, time from recommendation for surgery to decision for surgery, length of stay, implant density, patient-reported Scoliosis Research Society–22 instrument (SRS-22) score⁹ at baseline and 1-year follow-up, and information on adverse events were collected. The study received approval from the institutional review board and was registered with the Chinese Clinical Trial Registry (Protocol ChiCTR1800018687).

Results

A total of 1785 consecutive patients newly diagnosed with AIS were identified between January 2015 and December 2017. A total of 1032 patients (57.8%) were URBMS insured and 753 patients (42.2%) were NRCMS insured. There was no difference in terms of age, gender distribution, and geographic region (Table 1). At the time of presentation, patients with NRCMS insurance presented with a larger major curve than those with URBMS (P = .028). URBMS insured patients were significantly more likely to complete the recommended follow-up (65.2% vs 59.4%, P = .012).

Table 1.

Characteristics of Patients With Adolescent Idiopathic Scoliosis by Insurance Type.

Characteristics	URBMS (n = 1032), n (%)	NRCMS (n = 753), n (%)	P
Age, y, mean ± SD	14.2 ± 1.6	13.8 ± 1.5	.697
Gender			.586
Male	203 (19.7)	156 (20.7)
Female	829 (80.3)	597 (79.3)
Region			.864
East	580 (56.2)	432 (57.4)
Central	329 (31.9)	236 (31.3)
West	123 (11.9)	85 (11.3)
Treatment recommendation			.006
Observation	559 (54.2)	351 (46.6)
Bracing	258 (25.0)	223 (29.6)
Surgery	215 (20.8)	179 (23.8)
Cobb angle at presentation, deg, mean ± SD	29.3 ± 6	32.9 ± 15.0	.028

Abbreviations: URBMS, Urban Resident Basic Medical Insurance Scheme; NRCMS, New Rural Cooperative Medical Scheme.

There was a significant difference between the 2 groups regarding the overall treatment recommendations. For patients with observation recommended, mean major Cobb angles were similar between the 2 groups (20.9 ± 2.4 for NRCMS and 20.1 ± 2.6 for URBMS, P = .051). For patients with bracing recommended, mean Cobb angle was 31.7° for the URBMS group and 32.6° for the NRCMS group (P = .393). For patients with surgery recommended, mean curve was 50.9° for the URBMS group and 57.7° for the NRCMS group (P < .0001) (Table 2). At time of surgery, mean Cobb angles were 52.2° and 61.4° for the URBMS and NRCMS groups, respectively (P < .0001). There was a significantly statistical difference (P = .012) in mean time from surgery recommendation to decision for surgery, 60.6 ± 36.9 and 86.6 ± 42.7 days for the URBMS and NRCMS groups, respectively. Implant density (1.83 ± 0.15 for URBMS, and 1.82 ± 0.14 for NRCMS) and mean length of hospital stay (P = .48) were similar between groups. Our analysis showed that postoperative complication rates were similar between the 2 groups except for the development of pulmonary complications (NRCMS 7.3% vs URBMS 2.8%, P = .04). Patients with NRCMS had worse preoperative SRS-22 scores in Pain and Appearance domains and in the SRS-22 total score (Table 3). Preoperative SRS-22 scores in Mental and Activity domains were higher in URBMS group, but the differences were not statistically significant. NRCMS patients had greater improvements in SRS-22 Total and all domain scores compared with URBMS patients. SRS-22 scores at 1-year follow-up were similar in Total score, Mental, and Activity domains between the 2 groups. NRCMS patients had worse Appearance, Pain, and Satisfaction domain scores. Factors influencing the decision making on surgery are summarized in Figure 1. The 2 most frequently cited factors were economic instability (61%) and neurologic deficit (42%) in the NRCMS group, while neurologic deficit (48%) was the biggest concern about surgery in the URBMS group.

Table 2.

Characteristics of Patients With Adolescent Idiopathic Scoliosis Treated With Posterior Spinal Fusion by Insurance Type.

Characteristics	URBMS (n = 215)	NRCMS (n = 179)	P
Age, y, mean ± SD	13.9 ± 1.7	13.4 ± 2.2	.703
Gender, n (%)			.848
Male	57 (26.5)	49 (27.4)
Female	158 (73.5)	130 (72.6)
Cobb angle at presentation, deg, mean ± SD	50.9 ± 5.1	57.7 ± 5.1	<.0001
Cobb angle at surgery, deg, mean ± SD	52.2 ± 3.6	61.3 ± 5.6	<.0001
Number of patients with curve >90°	4	12	.015
Time from recommendation for surgery to decision for surgery, d, mean ± SD	60.6 ± 36.9	86.6 ± 42.7	.012
Implant density, mean ± SD	1.83 ± 0.15	1.82 ± 0.14	.680
Length of stay, d, mean ± SD	5.90 ± 1.40	6.15 ± 1.52	.482
Complications, n
Pulmonary	6	13	.039
Hemorrhage	3	5	.327
Urological	4	3	.890
Neurological	1	1	.897
Infectious	2	1	.673

Abbreviations: URBMS, Urban Resident Basic Medical Insurance Scheme; NRCMS, New Rural Cooperative Medical Scheme.

Table 3.

Scoliosis Research Society–22 Scores of Patients Treated With Posterior Spinal Fusion by Insurance Type.

	URBMS (n = 215)	NRCMS (n = 179)	P
Preoperative
Pain	4.44 ± 0.30	4.10 ± 0.32	<.0001
Appearance	4.16 ± 0.48	3.75 ± 0.62	<.0001
Activity	4.49 ± 0.29	4.45 ± 0.31	.187
Mental	4.34 ± 0.27	4.28 ± 0.68	.268
Total	4.36 ± 0.34	4.15 ± 0.52	<.0001
One-year postoperative
Pain	4.48 ± 0.21	4.37 ± 0.52	.008
Appearance	4.39 ± 0.30	4.10 ± 0.40	.004
Activity	4.51 ± 0.31	4.52 ± 0.25	.727
Mental	4.43 ± 0.32	4.38 ± 0.26	.088
Satisfaction	4.44 ± 0.22	4.25 ± 0.28	<.0001
Total	4.41 ± 0.26	4.36 ± 0.34	.108
One-year change in scores
Pain	0.04 ± 0.32	0.27 ± 0.55	<.0001
Appearance	0.23 ± 0.51	0.35 ± 0.65	.045
Activity	0.01 ± 0.35	0.08 ± 0.46	.095
Mental	0.08 ± 0.36	0.18 ± 0.81	.76
Total	0.05 ± 0.48	0.21 ± 0.32	<.0001

Abbreviations: URBMS, Urban Resident Basic Medical Insurance Scheme; NRCMS, New Rural Cooperative Medical Scheme.

Figure 1.

Factors influencing decision on corrective surgery for adolescent idiopathic scoliosis (data obtained from interview of patients’ guardians using a standardized questionnaire). (A) New Rural Cooperative Medical Scheme (NRCMS) group and (B) for Urban Resident Basic Medical Insurance Scheme (URBMS) group.

Discussion

To our knowledge, this is the first study to examine the association between health insurance coverage and curve magnitude of patients with AIS in mainland China. Insurance status has been identified as one of major factors affecting the access to health care for patients. Scoliosis, requiring frequent follow-up or eventual surgery, may lead to significant financial burdens to the patients and their family. Several studies conducted in the United States revealed insurance status was related to waiting times in obtain appropriate treatment,¹⁰ curve magnitudes at presentation,¹¹ and postoperative outcomes.^12,13

The health insurance system is completely different in China. Since 2009, comprehensive health care reforms have been initiated, including the establishment of basic medical insurance schemes for adolescents and children. The basic medical insurance schemes include the URBMS for urban residents and NRCMS for rural residents.

Our results suggest that insurance status, as a proxy for socioeconomic status, may influence the severity of scoliosis on presentation. NRCMS insured scoliosis patients face significantly greater barriers in access to health care. The mean Cobb angles of major curves were higher in the NRCMS group. More patients in the NRCMS group required bracing or surgery treatment. Both mean Cobb angles and ratio of patients requiring surgery were higher in the present study than in the study by Goldstein et a⁷ performed in the United States. One explanation is the prevalence of school screening programs for scoliosis in their area, while they are inexistent in China. The US Preventive Services Task Force changed its grade for the scoliosis screening program from a “D” (discourage the use of screening programs) to an “I” (uncertainty about the balance of benefits and harms of the service) in the latest recommendation statement.¹⁴ No publications included in the task force evaluated the benefits of screening for AIS on severity of curvature compared with no screening. Thomas et al¹⁵ compared the curve magnitude at initial presentation for evaluation of scoliosis for new patients between 1994-2004 (during school screening) and 2004-2014 (after school screening) and found that after school screening was discontinued, mean curve magnitude at presentation statistically increased. Consistent with their results, our study and that by Goldstein et al⁷ collectively imply the importance of scoliosis screening for early curves detection.

In this study, we also focused on patients who required surgical intervention, evaluating the potential effects of insurance status on curve magnitudes and surgical outcomes. Fletcher et al¹¹ reviewed 135 AIS patients treated with posterior spinal fusion and found that insurance status had an impact on presenting Cobb angles and Cobb angles at time of surgery. Our data suggests a 7° difference in presenting curves between patients with URBMS and with NRCMS. The difference increased to 9° at the time of surgery. NRCMS-insured patients experienced a much longer time from recommendation for surgery to decision for surgery. Ahn et al¹⁶ found that a prolonged wait for surgery increased the risk of additional surgery compared with the original plan at the time that surgery was first indicated. Our study did not suggest any difference between insurance groups in clinically relevant parameters such as fusion levels and hospitalization duration. As all surgical procedures in our study were scheduled on a first-come first-served basis without preference for insurance status, we surveyed the patients’ guardians for factors influencing their decision making on surgery and found that economic instability was the most frequently cited factor in the NRCMS group, while neurologic deficit was the biggest concern about the surgery in the URBMS group.

Several reports have demonstrated insurance status is related to postoperative outcomes.^13,17

-20 In our research, NRCMS-insured patients demonstrated inferior preoperative domain scores across pain and appearance domains. Postoperatively, patients covered by NRCMS experienced greater overall improvement in health-related quality of life and were less satisfied with the treatments. We did not find any significant difference in complication rates, except for pulmonary complications. This may be partially explained by more severe scoliosis (Cobb angle >90°) patients with preoperatively compromised pulmonary function in the NRCMS group than in the URBMS group.

The differences between URBMS and NRCMS groups reflect the fact that although the launch of new medical insurance schemes in China has improved access to health care, inequality in health care utilization remains a serious social problem. According to the data of National Bureau of Statistics of China, by 2016, health care expenditures per capita was 1630.8 CNY for urban residents, but only 929.2 CNY for rural residents.²¹ It is worth noting that health insurance in rural and urban areas may affect health inequalities. Sun et al²² found that the NRCMS had limited effects on reducing household health spending. Similar findings were reported by Yu et al.²³ A major reason was the lower reimbursement rates for NRCMS compared with URBMS. Li et al²⁴ explored the influence of medical insurance policy on the regular prophylaxis treatment in Chinese children with severe hemophilia A and found groups receiving higher reimbursement proportion were more likely to have higher medication consumption. Similarly occurs for corrective surgery, which costs have increased substantially with the application of advanced technology such as pedicle screw constructs, blood salvage techniques, and intraoperative cord monitoring.²⁵ Unlike fractures requiring emergent attention, AIS is an essentially asymptomatic condition and can be treated surgically on an elective basis. Some patients experienced a long waiting time before surgery, during which they found ways to raise enough money for the surgery. Some patients even refused the doctors’ recommendation for surgery due to economic reasons.

There are several design limitations in our study. First, this study was retrospectively designed. However, the results encourage further hypothesis-driven prospective data analysis. Second, as commercial health insurance is underdeveloped in China and public medical insurance covers over 95% of the total population, we could not compare the quality of health care between public and private insurances due to the small sample size. Third, there might be other potential factors affecting the access to health care, such as few charity assistances projects that occasionally assist in the treatment of scoliosis for children from underprivileged families, which we were unable to evaluate. Finally, all centers from this study were located in economically developed areas, in which the medical insurance policies and personal income are relatively superior. Therefore, our results may not represent country wide status.

In conclusion, despite its design limitations, this study shows differences between NRCMS and URBMS insured patients. It also points out the potential benefits of improved medical insurance for children with AIS in China, especially for those living in rural areas. Given the outstanding progress of the health care reform in China, it would be necessary to implement a more comprehensive insurance package to effectively target the rural residents with better financial protection.

Footnotes

Acknowledgments

The authors thank Ms Huixian Jiang and Hong Qin at the Center of Spinal Surgery, Department of Orthopedics, Shanghai Changzheng Hospital, Shanghai, for statistical consultation.

Declaration of Conflicting Interests

The author(s) declared no potential conflicts of interest with respect to the research, authorship, and/or publication of this article.

Funding

The author(s) received no financial support for the research, authorship, and/or publication of this article.

ORCID iD

Yichen Meng, MD

References

Weinstein

Ponseti

. Curve progression in idiopathic scoliosis. J Bone Joint Surg Am. 1983;65:447–455.

Miyanji

Slobogean

Samdani

, et al. Is larger scoliosis curve magnitude associated with increased perioperative health-care resource utilization? A multicenter analysis of 325 adolescent idiopathic scoliosis curves. J Bone Joint Surg Am. 2012;94:809–813.

Hooten

Neal

Espadin

REL

Gil

Azari

Rahman

. Insurance status influences the rates of reportable quality metrics in brain tumor patients: a nationwide inpatient sample study. Neurosurgery. 2015;76:239–248.

Halpern

Ward

Pavluck

Schrag

Bian

Chen

. Association of insurance status and ethnicity with cancer stage at diagnosis for 12 cancer sites: a retrospective analysis. Lancet Oncol. 2008;9:222–231.

Manoso

Cizik

Bransford

Bellabarba

Chapman

Lee

. Medicaid status is associated with higher surgical site infection rates after spine surgery. Spine (Phila Pa 1976). 2014;39:1707–1713.

, et al. The primary health-care system in China. Lancet. 2017;390:2584–2594.

Goldstein

Joiner

Skaggs

. Insurance status does not predict curve magnitude in adolescent idiopathic scoliosis at first presentation to an orthopaedic surgeon. J Pediatr Orthop. 2015;35:39–42.

Zavatsky

Peters

Nahvi

, et al. Disease severity and treatment in adolescent idiopathic scoliosis: the impact of race and economic status. Spine J. 2015;15:939–943.

Wang

, et al. Adapted simplified Chinese (mainland) version of Scoliosis Research Society-22 questionnaire. Spine (Phila Pa 1976). 2009;34:1321–1324.

10.

Skaggs

Oda

Lerman

, et al. Insurance status and delay in orthotic treatment in children. J Pediatr Orthop. 2007;27:94–97.

11.

Fletcher

Lazarus

Desai

Patel

Bruce

Jr . Medicaid insurance is associated with larger curves in patients who require scoliosis surgery. Am J Orthop (Belle Mead NJ). 2015;44:E454–E457.

12.

Vitale

Arons

Hyman

Skaggs

Roye

Vitale

. The contribution of hospital volume, payer status, and other factors on the surgical outcomes of scoliosis patients: a review of 3606 cases in the State of California. J Pediatr Orthop. 2005;25:393–399.

13.

Cho

Egorova

. The association between insurance status and complications, length of stay, and costs for pediatric idiopathic scoliosis. Spine (Phila Pa 1976). 2015;40:247–256.

14.

US Preventive Services Task Force. Grossman

Curry

Owens

, et al. Screening for adolescent idiopathic scoliosis: US Preventive Services Task Force recommendation statement. JAMA. 2018;319:165–172.

15.

Thomas

Stans

Milbrandt

, et al.

Does school screening affect scoliosis curve magnitude at presentation to a pediatric orthopedic clinic?

Spine Deform. 2018;6:403–408.

16.

Ahn

Kreder

Mahomed

Beaton

Wright

. Empirically derived maximal acceptable wait time for surgery to treat adolescent idiopathic scoliosis. CMAJ. 2011;183:E565–E570.

17.

Todd

Armon

Griggs

Poole

Berman

. Increased rates of morbidity, mortality, and charges for hospitalized children with public or no health insurance as compared with children with private insurance in Colorado and the United States. Pediatrics. 2006;118:577–585.

18.

Robbins

Pavluck

Fedewa

Chen

Ward

. Insurance status, comorbidity level, and survival among colorectal cancer patients age 18 to 64 years in the National Cancer Database from 2003 to 2005. J Clin Oncol. 2009;27:3627–3633.

19.

Lemaire

Cook

Tackett

Mendes

Shortell

. The impact of race and insurance type on the outcome of endovascular abdominal aortic aneurysm (AAA) repair. J Vasc Surg. 2008;47:1172–1180.

20.

Sabharwal

Zhao

McClemens

Kaufmann

. Pediatric orthopaedic patients presenting to a university emergency department after visiting another emergency department: demographics and health insurance status. J Pediatr Orthop. 2007;27:690–694.

21.

National Bureau of Statistics of China. http://www.stats.gov.cn/tjsj/ndsj/2017/indexch.htm. Accessed January 2018.

22.

Sun

Jackson

Carmichael

Sleigh

. Catastrophic medical payment and financial protection in rural China: evidence from the New Cooperative Medical Scheme in Shandong Province. Health Econ. 2009;18:103–119.

23.

Meng

Collins

, et al. How does the New Cooperative Medical Scheme influence health service utilization? A study in two provinces in rural China. BMC Health Serv Res. 2010;10:116.

24.

Zhao

, et al. Influence of medical insurance schemes and charity assistance projects on regular prophylaxis treatment of the boys with severe haemophilia A in China. Haemophilia. 2018;24:126–133.

25.

Kamerlink

Quirno

Auerbach

, et al. Hospital cost analysis of adolescent idiopathic scoliosis correction surgery in 125 consecutive cases. J Bone Joint Surg Am. 2010;92:1097–1104.