Genetic Diversity and Affinity Among Five Tibeto-Burman Tribal Populations of Northern India: A Study on Eight Alu Markers

Abstract

The study attempts to ascertain an analysis of eight Arthrobacter luteus (Alu) insertion loci (ACE, TPA25, PV92, HS4.32, FXIIIB, D1, A25, B65) carried out in five tribal populations (Raji, Buxa, Jaunsari, Tharu and Bhotia) of Uttarakhand, Northern India. Total genomic DNA was extracted and amplification of genomic DNA by PCR analysis was carried out to examine the distribution of Alu (+) and Alu (–) genotypes from eight Alu loci. Genetic distance, genetic identity, pairwise F_st values and corresponding p values were computed between each pair of populations through analysis of molecular variance (AMOVA) for each Alu loci. The populations exhibited high levels of intra population variations and low levels of inter population differentiation with the average F_st value of inter population being 0.05896, which was expected to be more as the F_st value of intra population was 0.06780. Phylogenetic tree was constructed by using the neighbour-joining (NJ) method and multidimensional (MDS) plot to trace out the genetic affinity between populations. The present data showed that Raji and Buxa community were an ancestral population and Jaunsari, Tharu and Bhotia were diverged latter from Buxa community. The present study is an effort to generate a basic gene frequency distribution data at eight polymorphic Alu loci among five autochthonous groups of Uttarakhand.

Keywords

Alu polymorphism genetic structure Uttarakhand phylogeny

Get full access to this article

View all access options for this article.

References

Atkinson

E. T.

(1973). The Himalayan districts of North West provinces of India (Vol. II). Allahabad: Government Press. (Reprint, 1882–1886, New Delhi: Cosmo Publication)

Bamshad

Kivisild

Watkins

W. S.

Dixon

M. E.

Ricker

C. E.

Rao

B. B.

(2001). Genetic evidence on the origins of Indian caste populations. Genome Research , 11, 994–1004.

Barik

S. S.

Sahani

Prasad

B. V. R.

Endicott

Metspalu

Sarkar

B. N.

(2008). Detailed mtDNA genotypes permit a reassessment of the settlement and population structure of the Andaman Islands. American Journal of Physical Anthropology , 136(1), 19–27.

Basu

Mukherjee

Roy

Sengupta

Banerjee

Chakraborty

(2003). Ethnic India: A genomic view, with special reference to peopling and structure. Genome Research , 13, 2277–2290.

Bisht

N. S.

Bankoti

T. S.

(2004). Raji in encyclopaedia ethnography of Himalayan tribe . Delhi: Global Vision Publishing House.

Bora

H. S.

(1988 February). Cave dwellers of Himalayas-Rajis: A primitive tribal group of UP . Paper presented at the Seminar Tribal Situation in Uttar Pradesh, Yojana Bhawan, Lucknow, India.

Cavalli-Sforza

L. L.

(1998). The DNA revolution in population genetics. Trends in Genetics , 14, 60–65.

Chandrasekar

Kumar

Sreenath

Sarkar

B. N.

Urade

B. P.

Mallick

(2009). Updating phylogeny of mitochondrial DNA macrohaplogroup M in India: Dispersal of modern human in South Asian Corridor. PLOS ONE , 4(10), e7447.

Chatterji

S. K.

(1926). The origin and development of the Bengali language . Calcutta: Calcutta University Press.

10.

Cordaux

Aunger

Bentley

Nasidze

Sirajuddin

S. M.

Stoneking

(2004). Independent origins of Indian caste and tribal paternal lineages. Current Biology , 14, 231–235.

11.

Cordaux.

Deepa

Vishwanathan

Stoneking

(2004). Genetic evidence for the demic diffusion of agriculture to India. Science , 304, 1125.

12.

Dinc

(2003). Alu insertion polymorphisms in Anatolian Turks (Unpublished master’s thesis). The Middle East Technical University, Ankara. Retrieved from https://etd.lib.metu.edu.tr/upload/1169929/index.pdf

13.

Government of India. (2011). Census of India, 2011 . Retrieved from http://censusindia.gov.in/

14.

Grierson

G. A.

(1909). Linguistic survey of India. Volume III: Tibeto-Burman Family . Calcutta: Office of the Superintendent of Government Printing.

15.

Guha

B. S.

(1935). The racial affinities of the people of India. Census of India, 1931 . Vol. I: India. Part III: Ethnographical. Simla: Government of India Press.

16.

Kaur.

I. S.

Roy

Chakrabarti

Sarhadi

V. K.

Majumder

P. P.

Bhanwer

A. J. S.

Singh

(2002). Genomic diversities and affinities among four endogamous groups of Punjab (India) based on autosomal and mitochondrial DNA polymorphisms. Human Biology , 74(6), 819–836.

17.

Kosambi

(1991). Girl-brides and socio-legal change: Age of consent bill (1891) controversy. Economic and Political Weekly , 26(31/32), 1857–1868

18.

Kumar

Padmanabham

P. B. S. V.

Ravuri

R. R.

Uttaravalli

Koneru

Mukherjee

A. P.

(2008). The earliest settlers’ antiquity and evolutionary history of Indian populations: Evidence from M2 mtDNA lineage. BMC Evolutionary Biology , 8, 230.

19.

Kumar

Ravuri

R. R.

Koneru

Urade

B. P.

Sarkar

B. N.

Chandrasekar

Rao

V. R.

(2009). Reconstructing Indian–Australian phylogenetic link. BMC Evolutionary Biology , 9, 173.

20.

Majumder

P. P.

Roy

Banerjee

Chakaraborty

Dey

Mukherjee

(1999). Human specific insertion/deletion polymorphism in Indian populations and their possible evolutionary implications. European Journal of Human Genetics , 7, 435–446.

21.

Mann

R. S.

Mann

(1999). Central Himalayan tribal women: Development and integration. In Behra

D. K.

Pfeffer

(Eds.), Contemporary society tribal studies: Social concern (Vol. 3, pp. 187–202). New Delhi: Concept Publishing Company.

22.

Nasidze

Risch

G. M.

Robichaux

Sherry

S. T.

Batzer

M. A.

Stoneking

(2001). Alu insertion polymorphisms and the genetic structure of human populations from the Caucasus. European Journal of Human Genetics , 9, 267–272.

23.

Nurhayati

W. H.

Azzura

Muhd Shah

Jehan A. R.

Norashikin

Nur

Azimah O.

Farida

Zuraina M. Y.

(2014). ACE and TPA25 Alu insertion polymorphisms in Minang Malays subethnic groups in peninsular Malaysia. Bio Technology: An Indian Journal , 9, 292–297.

24.

Pant

B. R.

(2006). Level, growth and gap in the literacy by sex in the Himalaya, India. Man in India , 86(1&2), 65–95.

25.

Quintana-Murci

Krausz

Zerjal

Sayar

S. H.

Hammer

M. F.

Mehdi

S. Q.

(2001). Y-chromosome lineages trace diffusion of people and languages in South-Western Asia. American Journal of Human Genetics , 68, 537–542.

26.

Rao

A. I.

Venugopal

Chandrasekar

(2013). Genetic continuity of anatomically modern human between India and Island Southeast Asia ISEA: Last glacial dispersal of mtDNA lineage N22. International Journal of Research in Advent Technology , 1(5), 300–305

27.

Rastogi

(2015). Raji orthography development. Himalayan Linguistics , 14(2), 39–48.

28.

Ravindranath

V. M.

Lakshmi

Ramesh

Veerraju

(2005). Alu insertion/deletion polymorphisms in Yadava population of Andhra Pradesh, South India. International Journal of Human Genetics , 5(3), 223–224.

29.

Ray

(1973). Nationalism in India . Aligarh: Aligarh Muslim University.

30.

Reich

Thangaraj

Patterson

Price

A. L.

Singh

(2009). Reconstructing Indian population history. Nature , 461, 489–494

31.

Renfrew

(1992). Archaeology, genetics and linguistic diversity. Man , 27, 445–478.

32.

Risley

H. H.

(1915). The people of India . Calcutta: Thacker Spink.

33.

Sahoo

Singh

Himabindu

Banerjee

Sitalaximi

Gaikwad.

(2006). A prehistory of Indian Y chromosomes: Evaluating demic diffusion scenarios. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America , 103, 843–848

34.

Sarkar

S. S.

(1958). Race and race movements in India. In Chatterjee

S. K.

(Ed.), The cultural heritage of India (Vol. 1, pp. 17–32). Calcutta: The Ramakrishna Mission Institute of Culture.

35.

Sengupta

Zhivotovsky

L. A.

King

Mehdi

S. Q.

Edmonds

C. A.

Chow

C. E.

(2006). Polarity and temporality of high-resolution Y-chromosome distributions in India identify both indigenous and exogenous expansions and reveal minor genetic influence of central Asian pastoralists. American Journal of Human Genetics , 78, 202–221.

36.

Sharma

D. D.

(1994). A comparative grammar of Tibeto–Burman languages (of Himachal Pradesh and Uttarakhand) studies in Tibeto–Burman languages IV . New Delhi: Mittal Publication.

37.

Sharma

S. R.

(1987). Madhya Himalaya ki Raaji boli. Pahaar , 2, 145–56.

38.

Singh

K. S.

(1992). People of India (Vol. 1). Delhi: Oxford University Press.

39.

Stoneking

Fontius

J. J.

Clifford

S. L.

Soodyall

Arcot

S. S.

Saha

(1997). Alu insertion polymorphisms and human evolution: Evidence for a larger population size in Africa. Genome Research , 7(11), 1061–1071.

40.

Tamang

Thangaraj

(2012). Genomic view on the peopling of India. Investigative Genetics , 3(1), 20.

41.

Thanseem

Thangaraj

Chaubey

Singh

V. K.

Bhaskar

L. V.

Reddy

B. M.

(2006). Genetic affinities among the lower castes and tribal groups of India: Inference from Y chromosome and mitochondrial DNA. BMC Genetics , 7, 42.

42.

Thapar

(1966). A history of India (Vol. 1). Middlesex: Penguin.

43.

Vijaya

Kanthimathi

Srikumari

C. R.

Reddy

P. G.

Majumder

M. M.

Ramesh

(2007). A study on Telugu—immigrants of Tamil Nadu, South India. International Journal of Human Genetics , 7(4), 303–306.

44.

Wells

R. S.

Yuldasheva

Ruzibakiev

Underhill

P. A.

Evseeva

Blue-Smith

(2001). The Eurasian heartland: a continental perspective on Y-chromosome diversity. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America , 98, 10244–10249.

45.

Yadav

A. S.

Arora

(2011). Genomic diversities and affinities among eight endogamous groups of Haryana (India): A study on insertion/deletion polymorphisms. Annals of Human Biology , 38(1), 114–118.