Endometriosis: Diagnosis and Management

Waller K.G. , Lindsay P. , Curtis P. , Shaw R.W. The prevalence of endometriosis in women with infertile partners. Eur J Obstet Gynecol Reprod Biol 1993; 48: 1359.

Bulun S.E. Endometriosis. N Engl J Med 2009; 360: 26879.

Wheeler J.M. Epidemiology and prevalence of endometriosis. Infertil Reprod Med Clin North Am 1992; 3: 5459.

Rawson J.M. Prevalence of endometriosis in asymptomatic women. J Reprod Med 1991; 36: 5135.

Giudice L.C. , Kao L.C. Endometriosis. Lancet 2004; 364: 178999.

Sampson J.A. Peritoneal endometriosis due to menstrual dissemination of endometrial tissue into the peritoneal cavity. Am J Obstet Gynecol 1927; 14: 42269.

Arruda M.S. , Petta C.A. , Abrao M.S. , Benetti-Pinto C.L. Time elapsed from onset of symptoms to diagnosis of endometriosis in a cohort study of Brazilian women. Hum Reprod 2003; 18: 7569.

Hadfield R. , Mardon H. , Barlow D. , Kennedy S. Delay in the diagnosis of endometriosis: a survey of women from the USA and UK. Hum Reprod 1996; 11: 87880.

Husby G.K. , Haugen R.S. , Moen M.H. Diagnostic delay in women with pain and endometriosis. Acta Obstet Gynecol Scand 2003; 82: 64953.

Fauconnier A. , Chapron C. Endometriosis and pelvic pain: epidemiological evidence of the relationship and implications. Hum Reprod Update 2005; 11: 595606.

Jarrell J.F. , Vilos G.A. , Allaire C. , Burgess S. , Fortin C. , Gerwin R. ; Chronic Pelvic Pain Committee. Consensus guidelines for the management of chronic pelvic pain, part 1. SOGC Clinical Practice Guideline No. 164, August 2005. J Obstet Gynaecol Can 2005; 27: 781826.

Milburn A. , Reiter R.C. , Rhomberg A.T. Multidisciplinary approach to chronic pelvic pain. Obstet Gynecol Clin North Am 1993; 20: 64361.

Koninckx P.R. , Meuleman C. , Oosterlynck D. , Cornillie F.J. Diagnosis of deep endometriosis by clinical examination during menstruation and plasma CA-125 concentration. Fertil Steril 1996; 65: 2807.

Mol B.W. , Bayram N. , Lijmer J.G. , Wiegerinck M.A. , Bongers M.Y. , van der Veen F. The performance of CA-125 measurement in the detection of endometriosis: a meta-analysis. Fertil Steril 1998; 70: 11018.

Le T. , Giede C. , Salem S. Initial evaluation and referral guidelines for management of pelvic/ovarian masses. J Obstet Gynaecol Can 2009; 31: 66873.

American Society for Reproductive Medicine (ASRM). Revised American Society for Reproductive Medicine classification of endometriosis: 1996. Fertil Steril 1997; 67: 81721.

Chapron C. , Fauconnier A. , Goffinet F. , Breart G. , Dubuisson J.B. Laparoscopic surgery is not inherently dangerous for patients presenting with benign gynecologic pathology: results of a meta-analysis. Hum Reprod 2002; 17: 133442.

Sutton C.J. , Ewan S.P. , Whitelaw N. , Haines P. Prospective, randomized, double-blind, controlled trial of laser laparoscopy in the treatment of pelvic pain associated with minimal, mild, and moderate endometriosis. Fertil Steril 1994; 62: 696700.

Jones K.D. , Haines P. , Sutton C.J. Long-term follow-up of a controlled trial of laser laparoscopy for pelvic pain. JSLS 2001; 5: 1115.

Abbott J.A. , Hawe J. , Clayton R.D. , Garry R. The effects and effectiveness of laparoscopic excision of endometriosis: a prospective study with 2–5 year follow-up. Hum Reprod 2003; 18: 19227.

Harada T. , Momoeda M. , Taketani Y. , Hiroshi H. , Terakawa N. Low-dose oral contraceptive pill for dysmenorrhea associated with endometriosis: a placebo-controlled, double-blind, randomized trial. Fertil Steril 2008; 90: 15838.

Jenkins T.R. , Liu C.Y. , White J. Does response to hormonal therapy predict presence or absence of endometriosis? J Minim Invasive Gynecol 2008; 15: 826.

Vercellini P. , Frontino G. , De Giorgi O. , Pietropaolo G. , Pasin R. , Crosignani P.G. Continuous use of an oral contraceptive for endometriosis-associated recurrent dysmenorrhea that does not respond to a cyclic pill regimen. Fertil Steril 2003; 80: 5603.

Coffee A.L. , Sulai P.J. , Kuehl T.J. Long-term assessment of symptomatology and satisfaction of an extended oral contraceptive regimen. Contraception 2007; 75: 4449.

Bulun S.E. , Cheng Y.H. , Yin P. , Imir G. , Utsunomiya H. , Attar E. Progesterone resistance in endometriosis: link to failure to metabolize estradiol. Mol Cell Endocrinol 2006; 248: 94103.

Bulun S.E. Endometriosis. N Engl J Med 2009; 360: 26879.

Muneyyirci-Delate O. , Karacan M. Effect of norethindrone acetate in the treatment of symptomatic endometriosis. Int J Fertil Womens Med 1998; 43: 247.

Sasagawa S. , Shimizu Y. , Kami H. , Takeuchi T. , Mita S. , Imada K. Dienogest is a selective progesterone receptor agonist in transactivation analysis with potent oral endometrial activity due to its efficient pharmacokinetic profile. Steroids 2008; 73: 22231.

Strowitzki T. , Marr J. , Gerlinger C. , Faustmann T. , Seitz C. Dienogest is as effective as leuprolide acetate in treating the painful symptoms of endometriosis: a 24-week, randomized, multicentre, open-label trial. Hum Reprod 2010; 25: 63341.

Harada T. , Momoeda M. , Taketani Y. , Aso T. , Fukunaga M. , Hagino H. Dienogest is as effective as intranasal buserelin acetate for the relief of pain symptoms associated with endometriosis–-a randomized, double-blind, multicenter, controlled trial. Fertil Steril 2009: 67581.

Cosson M. , Querleu D. , Donnez J. , Madelenat P. , Konickx P. , Audebert A. Dienogest is as effective as triptorelin in the treatment of endometriosis after laparoscopic surgery: results of a prospective, multicenter, randomized study. Fertil Steril 2002; 77: 68492.

Strowitzki T. , Seitz C. , Marr J. , Gerlinger C. , Faustmann T. Efficacy of dienogest for the treatment of endometriosis: a 24-week, randomised, open-label trial versus leuprolide acetate. Abstract presented at: 25th Annual Meeting of the European Society of Human Reproduction and Embryology; June 28–July 1, 2009; Amsterdam.

Schlaff W.D. , Carson S.A. , Luciano A. , Ross D. , Bergqvist A. Subcutaneous injection of depot medroxyprogesterone acetate compared with leuprolide acetate in the treatment of endometriosis-associated pain. Fertil Steril 2006; 85: 31425.

Crosignani P.G. , Luciano A. , Ray A. , Bergqvist A. Subcutaneous depot medroxyprogesterone acetate versus leuprolide acetate in the treatment of endometriosis-associated pain. Hum Reprod 2006; 21: 24856.

Behamondes L. , Petta C.A. , Fernandes A. , Monteiro I. Use of levonogesterol-releasing intrauterine system in women with endometriosis, chronic pelvic pain and dysmenorrhea. Contraception 2007; 75(6 Suppl): S1349.

Petta C.A. , Ferriani R.A. , Abrao M.S. , Hassan D. , Rosa E , Silva J.C. Randomized clinical trial of a levonorgestrel-releasing intrauterine system and a depot GnRH analogue for the treatment of chronic pelvic pain in women with endometriosis. Hum Reprod 2005; 20: 19938. Epub 2005 Mar 24.

Vercellini P. , Aimi G. , Panazza S. , De Giorgi O. , Pesole A. , Crosignani P.G. A levonorgestrel-releasing intrauterine system for the treatment of dysmenorrhea associated with endometriosis: a pilot study. Fertil Steril 1999; 72: 5058.

Jain S. , Dalton M.E. Chocolate cysts from ovarian follicles. Fertil Steril 1999; 72: 8526.

Fedele L. , Bianchi S. , Zanconato G. , Portuese A. , Raffaelli R. Use of a levonorgestrel-releasing intrauterine device in the treatment of rectovaginal endometriosis. Fertil Steril 2001; 75: 4858.

Dmowksi W.P. , Scholer H.F. , Mahesh V.B. , Greenblatt R.B. Danazol–-a synthetic steroid derivative with interesting physiologic properties. Fertil Steril 1971; 22: 918.

Selak V. , Farquhar C. , Prentice A. , Singla A. Danazol for pelvic pain associated with endometriosis. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2007; (4): CD000068.

Packard C.J. , Shepherd J. Action of danazol on plasma lipids and lipoprotein metabolism. Acta Obstet Gynecol Scand Suppl 1994; 159: 3540.

Cottreau C.M. , Ness R.B. , Modugno F. , Allen G.O. , Goodman M.T. Endometriosis and its treatment with danazol or lupron in relation to ovarian cancer. Clin Cancer Res 2003; 9: 51424.

Razzi S. , Luisi S. , Calonaci F. , Altomare A. , Bocchi C. , Patraglia F. Efficacy of vaginal danazol treatment in women with recurrent deeply infiltrating endometriosis. Fertil Steril 2007; 88: 78994.

Barbieri R.L. Hormone treatment of endometriosis: the estrogen threshold hypothesis. Am J Obstet Gynecol 1992; 166: 7405.

Surrey E.S. , Hornstein M.D. Prolonged GnRH agonist and add-back therapy for symptomatic endometriosis: long-term follow-up. Obstet Gynecol 2002; 99(5 Pt 1): 70919.

Mitwally M.F. , Gotlieb L. , Casper R.F. Prevention of bone loss and hypoestrogenic symptoms by estrogen and interrupted progestogen add-back in long-term GnRH-agonist down-regulated patients with endometriosis and premenstrual syndrome. Menopause 2002; 9: 23641.

Hornstein M.D. , Surrey E.S. , Weisberg G.W. , Casino L.A. Leuprolide acetate depot and hormonal add-back in endometriosis: a 12-month study. Lupron Add-Back Study Group. Obstet Gynecol 1998; 91: 1624.

Zupi E. , Marconi D. , Sbracia M. , Zullo F. , De Vivo B. , Exacustos C. Add-back therapy in the treatment of endometriosis-associated pain. Fertil Steril 2004; 82: 13038.

Bedaiwy M.A. , Casper R.F. Treatment with leuprolide acetate and hormonal add-back for up to 10 years in stage IV endometriosis patients with chronic pelvic pain. Fertil Steril 2006; 86: 2202.

Casper R.F. Estrogen with interrupted progestin HRT: a review of experimental and clinical studies. Maturitas 2000; 34: 97108.

Bulun S.E. , Zeitoun K.M. , Takayama K. , Sasano H. Estrogen biosynthesis in endometriosis: molecular basis and clinical relevance. J Mol Endocrinol 2000; 25(1): 3542.

Ailawadi R.K. , Jobanputra S. , Kataria M. , Gurates B. , Bulun S.E. Treatment of endometriosis and chronic pelvic pain with letrozole and norethindrone acetate: a pilot study. Fertil Steril 2004; 81: 2906.

Amsterdam L.L. , Gentry W. , Jobanputra S. , Wolf M. , Rubin S.D. , Bulun S.E. Anastrazole and oral contraceptives: a novel treatment for endometriosis. Fertil Steril 2005; 84: 3004.

Higgins M.J. , Davidson N.E. What is the current status of ovarian suppression/ablation in women with premenopausal early-stage breast cancer? Curr Oncol Rep 2009; 11: 4550.

Le T. , Giede C. , Salem S. ; SOGC/GOC/SCC Policy and Practice Guidelines Committee. Initial evaluation and referral guidelines for management of pelvic/ovarian masses. Joint SOGC/GOC/SCC clinical practice guideline No. 230, July 2009. J Obstet Gynaecol Can 2009; 31: 66873.

Crosignani P.G. , Vercellini P. , Biffignandi F. , Costantini W. , Cortesi I. , Imparato E. Laparoscopy versus laparotomy in conservative surgical treatment for severe endometriosis. Fertil Steril 1996; 66: 70611.

Singh S.S. , Marcoux V. , Cheung V. , Martin D. , Ternamian A.M. Core competencies for gynecologic endoscopy in residency training: a national consensus project. J Minim Invasive Gynecol 2009; 16(1): 17.

Sutton C.J. , Ewen S.P. , Whitelaw N. , Haines P. Prospective, randomized, double-blind, controlled trial of laser laparoscopy in the treatment of pelvic pain associated with minimal, mild, and moderate endometriosis. Fertil Steril 1994; 62: 696700.

Jones K.D. , Haines P. , Sutton C.J. Long term follow up of a controlled trial of laser laparoscopy for pelvic pain. JSLS 2001; 5: 1115.

Abbott J. , Hawe J. , Hunter D. , Holmes M. , Finn P. , Garry R. Laparoscopic excision of endometriosis: a randomized, placebo-controlled trial. Fertil Steril 2004; 82: 87884.

Wright J. , Lotfallah H. , Jones K. , Lovell D. A randomized trial of excision versus ablation for mild endometriosis. Fertil Steril 2005; 83: 18306.

Shakiba K. , Bena J.F. , McGill K.M. , Minger J. , Falcone T. Surgical treatment of endometriosis: a 7-year follow-up on the requirement for further surgery. Obstet Gynecol 2008; 111: 128592. Erratum in: Obstet Gynecol 2008;112: 710.

Cornillie F.J. , Oosterlynck D. , Lauweryns J.M. , Konickx P.R. Deeply infiltrating pelvic endometriosis: histology and clinical significance. Fertil Steril 1990; 53: 97883.

Chopin N. , Vieira M. , Borghese B. , Foulot H. , Dousset B. , Coste J. Operative management of deeply infiltrating endometriosis: results on pelvic pain symptoms according to a surgical classification. J Minim Invasive Gynecol 2005; 12: 10612.

Chapron C. , Dubuisson J.B. Laparoscopic treatment of deep endometriosis located on the uterosacral ligaments. Hum Reprod 1996; 11: 86873.

Darai E. , Bazot M. , Rouzier R. , Houry S. , Dubernard G. Outcome of laparoscopic colorectal resection for endometriosis. Curr Opin Obstet Gynecol 2007; 19: 30813.

Mereu L. , Ruffo G. , Landi S. , Barbieri F. , Zaccoletti R. , Fiaccavento A. Laparoscopic treatment of deep endometriosis with segmental colorectal resection: short term morbidity. J Minim Invasive Gynecol 2007; 14: 4639.

Chapron C. , Pietin-Vialle C. , Borghese B. , Davy C. , Foulot H. , Chopin N. Associated ovarian endometrioma is a marker for greater severity of deeply infiltrating endometriosis. Fertil Steril 2009; 92: 4537. Epub 2008 Aug 9.

Hart R.J. , Hickey M. , Maouris P. , Buckett W. Excisional surgery versus ablative surgery for ovarian endometriomata. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2008 Apr 16;(2): CD004992.

Beretta P. , Franchi M. , Ghezzi F. , Busacca M. , Zupi E. , Bolis P. Randomized clinical trial of two laparoscopic treatments of endometriomas: cystectomy versus drainage and coagulation. Fertil Steril 1998; 70: 117680.

Alborzi S. , Momtahan M. , Parsanezhad M.E. , Dehbashi S. , Zolghadri J. A prospective, randomized study comparing laparoscopic ovarian cystectomy versus fenestration and coagulation in patients with endometriomas. Fertil Steril 2004; 82: 16337.

Matsuzaki S. , Houlle C. , Darcha C. , Pouly J.L. , Mage G. , Canis M. Analysis of risk factors for the removal of normal ovarian tissue during laparoscopic cystectomy for ovarian endometriosis. Hum Reprod 2009; 24: 14026. Epub 2009 Feb 26.

Koga K. , Takemura Y. , Osuga Y. , Yoshino O. , Hirota Y. , Hirata T. Recurrence of ovarian endometrioma after laparoscopic excision. Hum Reprod 2006; 21: 21714. Epub 2006 Apr 27.

Seracchioli R. , Mabrouk M. , Manuzzi L. , Vicenzi C. , Frascà C. , Elmakky A. Post-operative use of oral contraceptive pills for prevention of anatomical relapse or symptom-recurrence after conservative surgery for endometriosis. Hum Reprod 2009; 24: 272935. Epub 2009 Jul 22.

Seracchioli R. , Mabrouk M. , Frascà C. , Manuzzi L. , Savelli L. , Venturoli S. Long-term oral contraceptive pills and postoperative pain management after laparoscopic excision of ovarian endometrioma: a randomized controlled trial. Fertil Steril 2009 May 12. Epub ahead of print.

Daniels J. , Gray R. , Hills R.K. , Lathe P. , Buckley L. , Gupta J. ; LUND Trial Collaboration. Laparoscopic uterosacral nerve ablation for alleviating chronic pelvic pain: a randomized controlled trial. JAMA 2009; 302: 95561.

Candiani G.B. , Fedele L. , Vercellini P. , Bianchi S. , Di Nola G. Presacral neurectomy for the treatment of pelvic pain associated with endometriosis: a controlled study. Am J Obstet Gynecol 1992; 167: 1003.

Zullo F. , Palomba S. , Zupi E. , Russo T. , Morelli M. , Cappiello F. Effectiveness of presacral neurectomy in women with severe dysmenorrhea caused by endometriosis who were treated with laparoscopic conservative surgery: a 1-year prospective randomized double-blind controlled trial. Am J Obstet Gynecol 2003; 189: 510.

Zullo F. , Palomba S. , Zupi E. , Russo T. , Morelli M. , Sena T. Long-term effectiveness of presacral neurectomy for the treatment of severe dysmenorrhea due to endometriosis. J Am Assoc Gynecol Laparosc 2004; 11: 238.

Frishman G.N. , Salak J.R. Conservative surgical management of endometriosis in women with pelvic pain. J Minim Invasive Gynecol 2006; 13: 54658.

Wie H.J. , Lee J.H. , Kyung M.S. , Jung U.S. , Choi J.S. Is incidental appendectomy necessary in women with ovarian endometrioma? Aust N Z J Obstet Gynaecol 2008; 48: 107111.

Fuller J. , Ashar B.S. , Carey-Corrado J. Trocar-associated injuries and fatalities: an analysis of 1399 reports to the FDA. J Minim Invasive Gynecol 2005; 12: 3027.

Winkel C.A. Evaluation and management of women with endometriosis. Obstet Gynecol 2003; 102: 397408.

Parazzini F. Ablation of lesions or no treatment in minimal–- mild endometriosis in infertile women: a randomized trial. Gruppo Italiano per lo Studio dell'Endometriosi. Hum Reprod 1999; 14: 13324.

Marcoux S. , Maheux R. , Bérubé S. Laparoscopic surgery in infertile women with minimal or mild endometriosis. Canadian Collaborative Group on Endometriosis. N Engl J Med 1997; 337: 21722.

Royal College of Obstetricians and Gynaecologists. The investigation and management of endometriosis (green-top guideline; no. 24). London (England): RCOG; 2006: 3.

Scarselli G. , Rizzello F. , Cammilli F. , Ginocchini L. , Coccia M.E. Diagnosis and treatment of endometriosis. A review. Minerva Ginecol 2005; 57: 5578.

Cornillie F.J. , Oosterlynck D. , Lauweryns J.M. , Konickx P.R. Deeply infiltrating pelvic endometriosis: histology and clinical significance. Fertil Steril 1990; 53: 97883.

Capron C. , Fritel X. , Dubuisson J.B. Fertility after laparoscopic management of deep endometriosis infiltrating the uterosacral ligaments. Hum Reprod 1999; 14: 32932.

Rock J.A. , Breech L.L. Surgery for anomalies of the Müllerian ducts. In: Rock J.A. , Jones H.W. , eds. Te Linde's Operative gynecology. 9th ed. Philadelphia: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins; 2003.

Somigliana E. , Vercellini P. , Viganò P. , Ragni G. , Crosignani P.G. Should endometriomas be treated before IVF-ICSI cycles? Hum Reprod 2006; 21: 5764.

Donnez J. , Nisolle-Pochet M. , Clerckx-Braun F. , Sandow J. , Casanas-Roux F. Administration of nasal buserelin as compared with subcutaneous buserelin implant for endometriosis. Fertil Steril 1989; 52: 2730.

Rana N. , Thomas S. , Rotman C. , Dmowski W.P. Decrease in the size of ovarian endometriomas during ovarian suppression in stage IV endometriosis. Role of preoperative medical treatment. J Reprod Med 1996; 41: 38492.

Brinton L.A. , Gridley G. , Persson I. , Baron J. , Bergqvist A. Cancer risk after a hospital discharge diagnosis of endometriosis. Am J Obstet Gynecol 1997; 176: 5729.

DeWilde R.L. , Trew R.G. Postoperative abdominal adhesions and their prevention in gynaecological surgery. Expert consensus position. Part 2 – steps to reduce adhesions. Gynecol Surg 2007; 4: 24353.

Lower A.M. , Hawthorn R.J. , Ellis H. , O'Brien F. , Buchan S. , Crowe A.M. The impact of adhesions on hospital readmissions over ten years after 8849 open gynaecological operations: an assessment from the Surgical and Clinical Adhesions Research Study. Br J Obstet Gynaecol 2000; 107: 85562.

Littman E. , Giudice L. , Lathi R. , Berker B. , Milki A. , Nezhat C. Role of laparoscopic treatment of endometriosis inpatients with failed in vitro fertilization cycles. Fertil Steril 2005; 84: 15748.

Bulun S.E. Endometriosis. N Engl J Med 2009; 360: 26879.

D'Hooghe T. , Debrock S. , Hill J.A. , Mauleman C. Endometriosis and subfertility: is the relationship resolved? Semin Reprod Med 2003; 21: 24354.

Jansen R.P. Minimal endometriosis and reduced fecundability: prospective evidence from an artificial insemination by donor program. Fertil Steril 1986; 46(1): 1413.

Marcoux S. , Maheux R. , Bérubé S. ; Canadian Collaborative Group on Endometriosis. Laparoscopic surgery in infertile women with minimal or mild endometriosis. N Engl J Med 1997; 337: 21722.

Schwartz D. , Mayaux M.J. Female fecundity as a function of age: results of artificial insemination in 2193 nulliparous women with azoospermic husbands. Federation CECOS. N Engl J Med 1982; 307: 4046.

Hughes E. , Brown J. , Collins J.J. , Farquhar C. , Fedorkow D.M. , Vandekerckhove P. Ovulation suppression for endometriosis. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2007 Jul 18;(3): CD000155.

Tummon I.S. , Asher L.J. , Martin J.S. , Tulandi T. Randomized controlled trial of superovulation and insemination for infertility associated with minimal or mild endometriosis. Fertil Steril 1997; 68: 812.

Barnhart K. , Dunsmoor-Su R. , Coutifaris C. Effect of endometriosis on in vitro fertilization. Fertil Steril 2002; 77: 114855.

Sallam H.N. , Garcia-Velasco J.A. , Dias S. , Arici A. Long-term pituitary down-regulation before in vitro fertilization (IVF) for women with endometriosis. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2006 Jan 25;(1): CD004635.

Ballweg M.L. Big picture of endometriosis helps provide guidance on approach to teens: comparative historical data show endo starting younger, is more severe. J Pediatr Adolesc Gynecol 2003; 16(3 Suppl): S216.

Harel Z. A contemporary approach to dysmenorrhea in adolescents. Pediatr Drugs 2002; 4: 797805.

Laufer M.R. , Goietein L. , Bush M. , Cramer D.W. , Emans S.J. Prevalence of endometriosis in adolescent girls with chronic pelvic pain not responding to conventional therapy. J Pediatr Adolesc Gynecol 1997; 10: 199202.

Goldstein D.P. , De Cholnoky C. , Emans S.J. Adolescent endometriosis. J Adolesc Health Care 1980; 1: 3741.

Davis G.D. , Thillet E. , Lindemann J. Clinical characteristics of adolescent endometriosis. J Adolesc Health 1993; 14: 3628.

Olive D. , Henderson D. Endometrosis and Müllerian anomalies. Obstet Gynecol 1987; 69: 4125.

Sanfilippo J. , Wakim N. , Schikler K. , Yussman M. Endometriosis in association with uterine anomaly. Am J Obstet Gynecol 1986; 154: 3943.

Candiani G.B. , Fedele L. , Candiani M. Double uterus, blind hemivagina, and ipsilateral renal agenesis: 36 cases and long-term follow-up. Obstet Gynecol 1997; 90: 2632.

Reese K.A. , Reddy S. , Rock J.A. Endometriosis in an adolescent population: the Emory experience. J Pediatr Adolesc Gynecol 1996; 9: 1258.

Stavroulis A.I. , Saridogan E. , Creighton S.M. , Cutner A.S. Laparoscopic treatment of endometriosis in teenagers. Eur J Obstet Gynecol Reprod Biol 2006; 24850.

Marsh E.E. , Laufer M.R. Endometriosis in premenarcheal girls who do not have an associated obstructed anomaly. Fertil Steril 2005; 83: 75860.

Gover S. Pelvic pain in the female adolescent. Aust Fam Physician 2006; 35: 8503.

Vercellini P. , Fedele L. , Arcaini L. , Bianchi S. , Rognoni M. , Candiani G. Laparoscopy in the diagnosis of chronic pelvic pain in adolescent women. J Reprod Med 1989; 34: 82730.

Emmert C. , Romann D. , Riedel H.H. Endometriosis diagnosed by laparoscopy in adolescent girls. Arch Gynecol Obstet 1998; 261: 8993.

Davis A.R. , Westhoff C. , O'Connell K. , Gallagher N. Oral contraceptives for dysmenorrhea in adolescent girls. Obstet Gynecol 2005; 106: 97104.

Templeman C. Adolescent endometriosis. Obstet Gynecol Clin North Am 2009; 36: 17786.

DiVasta A.D. , Laufer M.R. , Gordon C. Bone density in adolescent treated with a GnRH agonist and add-back therapy for endometriosis. J Pediatr Adolesc Gynecol 2007; 20: 2937.

Al-Jefout M. , Palmer J. , Fraser I.S. Simultaneous use of a levonorgestrel intrauterine system and an etonogestrel subdermal implant for debilitating adolescent endometriosis. Aust N Z J Obstet Gynaecol 2007; 47: 2479.

Greco D. Management of adolescent chronic pelvic pain from endometriosis: a pain center perspective. J Pediatr Adolesc Gynecol 2003; 16(3 Suppl): S179.

Wayne P.M. , Kerr C.E. , Schnyer R.N. , Legedza A.T.R. , Savetsky-German J. , Shields M.H. Japanese-style acupuncture for endometriosis-related pelvic pain in adolescents and young women: results of a randomized sham-controlled trial. J Pediatr Adolesc Gynecol 2008; 21: 2475.

Sampson J.A. Endometrial carcinoma of the ovary arising in endometrial tissue in that organ. Arch Surg 1925; 10: 172.

Scott R.B. Malignant changes in endometriosis. Obstet Gynecol 1953; 2: 2839.

Nezhat F. , Datta M.S. , Hanson V. , Pejovic T. , Nezhat C. , Nezhat C. The relationship of endometriosis and ovarian malignancy: a review. Fertil Steril 2008; 90: 155970.

Brinton L.A. , Gridley G. , Persson I. , Baron J. , Bergqvist A. Cancer risk after a hospital discharge diagnosis of endometriosis. Am J Obstet Gynecol 1997; 176: 5729.

Brinton L.A. , Sakoda L.C. , Sherman M.E. , Frederiksen K. , Kjaer S.K. , Graubard B.I. Relationship of benign gynecologic diseases to subsequent risk of ovarian and uterine tumors. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 2005; 14: 292935.

Melin A. , Sparen P. , Persson I. , Bergqvist A. Endometriosis and the risk of cancer with special emphasis on ovarian cancer. Hum Reprod 2006; 21: 123742.

Oral E. , Ilvan S. , Tustas E. , Korbeyli B. , Bese T. , Demirkiran F. Prevalence of endometriosis in malignant epithelial ovary tumours. Eur J Obstet Gynecol Reprod Biol 2003; 109: 97101.

Borgfeldt C. , Andolf E. Cancer risk after hospital discharge diagnosis of benign ovarian cysts and endometriosis. Acta Obstet Gynecol Scand 2004; 83: 395400.

Kobayashi H. , Sumimoto K. , Moniwa N. , Imai M. , Takakura K. , Kuromaki T. Risk of developing ovarian cancer among women with ovarian endometrioma: a cohort study in Shizuoka, Japan. Int J Gynecol Cancer 2007; 17: 3743.

Ness R.B. , Cramer D.W. , Goodman M.T. , Kjaer S.K. , Mallin K. , Mosgaard B.J. Infertility, fertility drugs, and ovarian cancer: a pooled analysis of case-control studies. Am J Epidemiol 2002; 155: 21724.

Olson J.E. , Cerhan J.R. , Janney C.A. , Anderson K.E. , Vachon C.M. , Sellers T.A. Postmenopausal cancer risk after self-reported endometriosis diagnosis in the Iowa women's health study. Cancer 2002; 94: 16128.

Van Gorp T. , Amant F. , Neven P. , Vergote I. , Moerman P. Endometriosis and the development of malignant tumours of the pelvis. A review of literature. Best Pract Res Clin Obstet Gynaecol 2004; 18: 34971.

Valenzuela P. , Ramos P. , Redondo S. , Cabrera Y. , Alvarez I. , Ruiz A. Endometrioid adenocarcinoma of the ovary and endometriosis. Eur J Obstet Gynecol Reprod Biol 2007; 134: 836.

Somigliana E. , Vigano P. , Parazzini F. , Stoppelli S. , Giambattista E. , Vercellini P. Association between endometriosis and cancer: a comprehensive review and a critical analysis of clinical and epidemiological evidence. Gynecol Oncol 2006; 101: 33141.

Feeley K.M. , Wells M. Precursor lesions of ovarian epithelial malignancy. Histopathology 2001; 38: 8795.

Ogawa S. , Kaku T. , Amada S. , Kobayashi H. , Hirakawa T. , Ariyoshi K. Ovarian endometriosis associated with ovarian carcinoma: a clinicopathological and immunohistochemical study. Gynecol Oncol 2000; 77: 298304.

Prowse A.H. , Manek S. , Varma R. , Liu J. , Godwin A.K. , Maher E.R. Molecular genetic evidence that endometriosis is a precursor of ovarian cancer. Int J Cancer 2006; 119: 55662.

Otsuka J. , Okuda T. , Sekizawa A. , Amemiya S. , Saito H. , Okai T. K-ras mutation may promote carcinogenesis of endometriosis leading to ovarian clear cell carcinoma. Med Electron Microsc 2004; 37: 18892.

Vigano P. , Somigliana E. , Parazzini F. , Vercellini P. Bias versus causality: interpreting recent evidence of association between endometriosis and ovarian cancer. Fertil Steril 2007; 88: 58893.

Varma R. , Rollason T. , Gupta J.K. , Maher E.R. Endometriosis and the neoplastic process. Reproduction 2004; 127: 293304.

Le T. , Giede C. ; SOGC/GOC/SCC Policy and Practice Guidelines Committee. Initial evaluation and referral guidelines for management of pelvic/ovarian masses. SOGC Joint Clinical Practice Guideline, No. 230, July 2009. J Obstet Gynaecol Can 2009; 31: 66873.