India’s 2019 Parliamentary Elections

Abstract

Table 1.

Seats Won and Votes Polled by Political Parties and Party Alliances in the 17th Lok Sabha Elections

Total Seats: 542

Total electorate: 908,722,153

Voter turnout: 613,136,854 (67.47%)

Parties	Contested	Won	Change from 2014	Vote (%)	Change from 2014
NDA: National Democratic Alliance	540	352	0	44.84	5.60
BJP: Bharatiya Janata Party	436	303	21	37.36	6.37
AGP: Asom Gana Parishad (Assam)	3	0	0	0.24	0.14
BPF: Bodoland People’s Front (Assam)	1	0	0	0.07	0.01
JD(U): Janata Dal (United) (Bihar)	17	16	14	1.45	0.43
LJP: Lok Janshakti Party (Bihar)	6	6	0	0.52	0.10
BJDS: Bharat Dharma Jana Sena (Kerala)	4	0	0	0.06	0.06
KEC(T): Kerala Congress (Thomas) (Kerala)	1	0	0	0.03
SHS: Shiv Sena (Maharashtra)	23	18	0	2.05	0.23
NDPP: National Democratic Progressive Party (Nagaland)	1	1	1	0.08	0.08
SAD: Shiromani Akali Dal (Punjab)	10	2	–2	0.62	–0.04
RLP: Rashtriya Loktantrik Party (Rajasthan)	1	1	1	0.11	0.11
AIADMK: All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam (Tamil Nadu)	21	1	–35	1.28	–1.90
PMK: Pattali Makkal Katchi (Tamil Nadu)	7	0	–1	0.37	0.04
DMDK: Desiya Murpokku Dravida Kazhagam (Tamil Nadu)	4	0	0	0.15	–0.23
TMC: Tamil Maanila Congress (Tamil Nadu)	1	0	0	0.04	0.04
AD(S): Apna Dal (Soneylal) (Uttar Pradesh)	2	2	0	0.17	0.02
AINRC: All India Namathu Rajiyam Congress (Puducherry)	1	0	–1	0.05	0.00
AJSUP: All Jharkhand Students Union Party (Jharkhand)	1	1	1	0.11	0.02
Independent (BJP) (Mandya, Karnataka)	1	1	1	0.11	0.11
UPA: United Progressive Alliance	525	91	27	26.74	0.92
INC: Indian National Congress	421	52	8	19.49	0.15
RJD: Rashtriya Janata Dal (Bihar and Jharkhand)	21	0	–4	1.08	–0.27
RLSP: Rashtriya Lok Samta Party (Bihar)	5	0	–3	0.24	0.04
HAM: Hindustan Awam Morcha (Bihar)	3	0	0	0.16	0.16
VIP: Vikassheel Insaan Party (Bihar)	4	0	0	0.11	0.11
JD(S): Janata Dal (Secular) (Karnataka)	7	1	–1	0.55	–0.07
IUML: Indian Union Muslim League (Kerala and Tamil Nadu)	3	3	1	0.26	0.11
KCM: Kerala Congress (M) (Kerala)	1	1	0	0.07	–0.01
RSP: Revolutionary Socialist Party (Kerala)	1	1	0	0.08	0.01
BVA: Bahujan Vikas Aagadhi (Maharashtra)	1	0	0	0.08	0.03
NCP: Nationalist Congress Party (Maharashtra)	19	4	0	1.37	–0.04
SWP: Swabhimani Paksha (Maharashtra)	2	0	–1	0.14	–0.06
DMK: Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam (Tamil Nadu)	23	23	23	2.26	0.53
CPI: Communist Party of India (Odisha and Tamil Nadu)	3	2	2	0.18	0.13
CPM: Communist Party of India (Odisha and Tamil Nadu)	3	2	2	0.17	0.12
VCK: Viduthalai Chiruthaigal Katchi (Tamil Nadu)	1	1	1	0.08	0.08
JMM: Jharkhand Mukti Morcha (Jharkhand)	5	1	–1	0.30	0.05
JVM: Jharkhand Vikas Morcha (Jharkhand)	2	0	0	0.12	–0.16
Mahagathbandhan (Grand alliance)	428	15	10	6.49	–1.04
BSP: Bahujan Samaj Party	383	10	10	3.63	–0.52
SP: Samajwadi Party	37	5	0	2.53	–0.72
RLD: Rashtriya Lok Dal (Uttar Pradesh)	3	0	0	0.24	0.12
LSP: Loktrantra Suraksha Party (Haryana)	2	0	0	0.01	0.01
LIP: Lok Insaf Party (Punjab)	3	0	0	0.08	0.08
Left Front
CPI: Communist Party of India	49	2*	1	0.58	–0.20
CPM: Communist Party of India (Marxist)	69	3*	–6	1.75	–1.50
RSP: Revolutionary Party of India	6	1	0	0.12	–0.18
AIFB: All India Forward Bloc	35	0	0	0.05	–0.17
Non-aligned parties		79
YSRCP: YSR Congress Party (Andhra Pradesh)	25	22	13	2.53	0.00
TDP: Telugu Desam Party (Andhra Pradesh)	25	3	–13	1.39	–1.16
BJD: Biju Janata Dal (Odisha)	21	12	–8	1.66	–0.05
TRS: Telangana Rashtra Samiti (Telangana)	17	9	–2	1.26	0.04
AIMIM: All India Majlis-e-Ittehadul Muslimeen (Telangana)	3	2	1	0.20	0.08
AAP: Aam Aadmi Party (Punjab, Delhi, Bihar, Haryana, etc.)	35	1	–3	0.44	–1.61
JKNC: Jammu & Kashmir National Conference	3	3	3	0.05	–0.02
JKPDP: Jammu & Kashmir People Democratic Party	2	0	–3	0.01	–0.12
AITC: All India Trinamool Congress (Bengal, Odisha, Assam, etc.)	62	22	–12	4.07	0.13
AIUDF: All India United Democratic Front (Assam)	3	1	–2	0.23	–0.19
NPP: National People’s Party (in Assam and Northeast)	11	1	0	0.07	–0.03
NPF: Naga People’s Front (Nagaland)	1	1	0	0.06	–0.12
MNF: Mizo National Front (Mizoram)	1	1	1	0.04	0.04
SKM: Sikkim Krantikari Morcha (Sikkim)	1	1	1	0.03	0.01
Other small and minor parties	2,732	0	0	4.09	–0.47
Independents	3,441	3	2	2.59	–0.13
NOTA	542	0	0	1.06	–0.02
Overall	8,568	542		100.00

Source: Election commission data compiled by CSDS data unit.

Note: Alliance based on 2019 Lok Sabha. *CPI and CPI(M) won two seats each in Tamil Nadu as part of UPA

Table 2.

All India Lok Sabha 2019: Region- and State-wise Results

Sl. No.	States	Total Seats	Congress		Congress allies		BJP		BJP allies		BSP+		Others
Sl. No.	States	Total Seats	Won	Vote (%)	Won	Vote (%)	Won	Vote (%)	Won	Vote (%)	Won	Vote (%)	Won	Vote (%)
	South
1	Andhra Pradesh	25	0	1.29	0	0.00	0	0.96	0	0.00	0	0.26	25	97.49
2	Karnataka	28	1	31.88	1	9.67	25	51.38	1	2.00	0	1.17	0	5.90
3	Kerala	20	15	37.27	4	9.97	0	12.93	0	1.87	0	0.25	1	37.71
4	Tamil Nadu	38	8	12.76	29	39.88	0	3.66	1	26.62	0	0.38	0	16.70
5	Telangana	17	3	29.48	0	0.00	4	19.45	0	0.00	0	0.24	10	50.83
6	A. & N. Islands	1	1	45.98	0	0.00	0	45.30	0	0.00	0	1.20	0	7.52
7	Lakshadweep	1	0	46.86	0	0.00	0	0.27	0	0.00	0	0.00	1	52.87
8	Puducherry	1	1	56.27	0	0.00	0	0.00	0	31.36	0	0.34	0	12.03
	Total South	131	29	20.56	34	14.97	29	17.61	2	8.45	0	0.51	37	37.90
	North
9	Bihar	40	1	7.70	0	22.91	17	23.58	22	29.67	0	1.67	0	14.47
10	Chhattisgarh	11	2	40.91	0	0.00	9	50.70	0	0.00	0	2.30	0	6.09
11	Haryana	10	0	28.42	0	0.00	10	58.02	0	0.00	0	4.07	0	9.49
12	Himachal Pradesh	4	0	27.30	0	0.00	4	69.11	0	0.00	0	0.85	0	2.74
13	Jammu & Kashmir	6	0	28.47	0	0.00	3	46.39	0	0.00	0	0.87	3	24.27
14	Jharkhand	14	1	15.63	1	18.95	11	50.96	1	4.33	0	1.11	0	9.02
15	Madhya Pradesh	29	1	34.50	0	0.00	28	58.00	0	0.00	0	2.38	0	5.12
16	Uttarakhand	5	0	31.40	0	0.00	5	61.01	0	0.00	0	4.48	0	3.11
17	Uttar Pradesh	80	1	6.31	0	0.00	62	49.56	2	1.20	15	38.90	0	4.03
18	Delhi	7	0	22.51	0	0.00	7	56.56	0	0.00	0	1.08	0	19.85
	Total North	206	6	16.95	1	5.38	156	47.68	25	6.09	15	16.15	3	7.75
	West
19	Goa	2	1	42.92	0	0.00	1	51.18	0	0.00	0	0.00	0	5.90
20	Gujarat	26	0	32.11	0	0.00	26	62.21	0	0.00	0	0.86	0	4.82
21	Maharashtra	48	1	16.27	4	16.43	23	27.59	18	23.29	0	0.86	2	15.56
22	Punjab	13	8	40.12	0	0.00	2	9.63	2	27.45	0	3.49	1	19.31
23	Rajasthan	25	0	34.24	0	0.00	24	58.47	1	2.03	0	1.07	0	4.19
24	Chandigarh	1	0	40.35	0	0.00	1	50.64	0	0.00	0	1.62	0	7.39
25	Dadra & Nagar Haveli	1	0	4.33	0	0.00	0	40.92	0	0.00	0	0.48	1	54.27
26	Daman & Diu	1	0	31.62	0	0.00	1	42.98	0	0.00	0	0.91	0	24.49
	Total West	117	10	27.00	4	7.42	78	41.30	21	13.00	0	1.54	4	9.74
	East
27	Arunachal Pradesh	2	0	20.87	0	0.00	2	58.25	0	0.00	0	0.00	0	20.88
28	Assam	14	3	35.44	0	0.00	9	36.05	0	10.72	0	0.00	2	17.79
29	Manipur	2	0	24.63	0	0.00	1	34.22	0	0.00	0	0.00	1	41.15
30	Meghalaya	2	1	48.28	0	0.00	0	7.93	0	0.00	0	0.00	1	43.79
31	Mizoram	1	0	0.00	0	0.00	0	5.75	0	0.00	0	0.00	1	94.25
32	Nagaland	1	0	48.11	0	0.00	0	0.00	1	49.73	0	0.00	0	2.16
33	Odisha	21	1	13.81	0	0.92	8	38.37	0	0.00	0	0.76	12	46.14
34	Sikkim	1	0	1.13	0	0.00	0	4.71	0	0.00	0	0.00	1	94.16
35	Tripura	2	0	25.34	0	0.00	2	49.03	0	0.00	0	0.00	0	25.63
36	West Bengal	42	2	5.61	0	0.00	18	40.25	0	0.00	0	0.39	22	53.75
	Total East	88	7	14.16	0	0.20	40	38.25	1	2.28	0	0.38	40	44.73
	Overall	542	52	19.49	39	7.25	303	37.36	49	7.48	15	6.48	84	21.94

Source: Election commission data compiled by CSDS data unit.

Table 3a.

Results of Lok Sabha Elections in 2019 in India’s States and the Change in Seats and Votes for Various Parties Compared to 2014 Lok Sabha Election Results

State and Parties	Contested	Seats Won	Change from 2014	Vote (%)	Change from 2014
Andhra Pradesh, Seats: 25, Turnout (%): 79.70
YSRCP	25	22	14	49.15	3.77
TDP	25	3	–12	39.59	–0.95
Jana Sena Party	17	0	0	5.79	5.79
INC	25	0	0	1.29	–1.55
BJP	24	0	–2	0.96	–6.22
Other parties	203	0	0	1.73	–1.69
NOTA	25	0	0	1.49	0.85
Total		25		100.00
Arunachal Pradesh, Seats: 2, Turnout (%): 78.47
BJP	2	2	1	58.25	12.13
INC	2	0	–1	20.87	–20.35
JD(S)	2	0	0	8.95	8.95
PPA	2	0	0	4.29	–3.59
NPP	1	0	0	4.15	4.15
Other parties	3	0	0	2.33	–1.39
NOTA	2	0	0	1.16	0.10
Total		2		100.00
Assam, Seats: 14, Turnout (%): 81.51 (+1.39)
NDA	14	9	2	46.76	4.23
BJP	10	9	2	36.05	–0.46
AGP	3	0	0	8.23	4.40
BPF	1	0	0	2.48	0.29
INC	14	3	0	35.44	5.83
AUDF	3	1	–2	7.80	–7.03
Other parties	114	1	0	9.01	–3.05
NOTA	14	0	0	0.99	0.02
Total		14		100.00
Bihar, Seats: 40, Turnout: 57.26 (+1.16)
NDA	40	39	9	53.25	1.69
BJP	17	17	–5	23.58	–5.80
JD(U)	17	16	14	21.81	6.03
LJNSP	6	6	0	7.86	1.46
UPA	40	1	–8	30.61	–0.95
INC	9	1	–1	7.70	–0.72
RJD	19	0	–4	15.36	–4.77
RLSP	5	0	–3	3.58	0.57
HAM(S)	3	0	0	2.35	2.35
VIIP	4	0	0	1.62	1.62
Other parties	546	0	–1	14.14	–1.12
NOTA	40	0	0	2.00	0.38
Total		40		100.00
Chhattisgarh, Seats: 11, Turnout (%): 71.48 (+2.09)
BJP	11	9	–1	50.70	1.96
INC	11	2	1	40.91	2.54
BSP	11	0	0	2.30	–0.10
Other parties	133	0	0	4.65	–4.00
NOTA	11	0	0	1.44	–0.40
Total		11		100.00
Goa, Seats: 2, Turnout (%): 74.94 (–2.12)
BJP	2	1	–1	51.18	–2.27
INC	2	1	1	42.92	6.35
AAP	2	0	0	3.01	–0.31
Other parties	6	0	0	1.42	–4.00
NOTA	2	0	0	1.47	0.23
Total		2		100.00
Gujarat, Total Seats: 26, Turnout (%): 64.11 (+0.45)
BJP	26	26	0	62.21	3.16
INC	26	0	0	32.11	–0.75
BSP	25	0	0	0.86	–0.08
Other parties	294	0	0	3.44	–1.95
NOTA	26	0	0	1.38	–0.38
Total		26		100.00
Haryana, Seats: 10, Turnout (%): 70.34 (–1.11)
BJP	10	10	3	58.02	23.28
INC	10	0	–1	28.42	5.50
JJP+	10	0	0	5.25	1.01
JJP	7	0	0	4.89	4.89
AAP	3	0	0	0.36	–3.88
BSP+	10	0	0	4.08	–0.50
BSP	8	0	0	3.64	–0.94
LSP	2	0	0	0.44	0.44
INLD	10	0	–2	1.89	–22.47
Other parties	173	0	0	2.01	–6.85
NOTA	10	0	0	0.33	0.03
Total		10		100.00
Himachal Pradesh, Seats: 4, Turnout (%): 70.22 (+5.77)
BJP	4	4	0	69.11	15.76
INC	4	0	0	27.30	–13.38
BSP	4	0	0	0.85	0.11
Other parties	33	0	0	1.88	–2.41
NOTA	4	0	0	0.86	–0.08
Total		4		100.00
Jammu and Kashmir, Seats: 6, Turnout(%): 44.63 (–5.09)
BJP	6	3	0	46.39	14.03
JKNC	3	3	3	7.89	–3.23
INC	5	0	0	28.47	5.61
JKPC	3	0	0	3.76	1.77
JKPDP	3	0	–3	3.40	–17.14
Other Parties	59	0	0	9.48	–0.77
NOTA	6	0	0	0.61	–0.27
Total		6		100.00
Jharkhand, Seats: 14, Turnout (%):63.49 (–0.33)
NDA	14	12	0	55.29	11.47
BJP	13	11	–1	50.96	10.85
AJSU	1	1	1	4.33	0.62
UPA	13	2	0	32.16	–2.47
INC	7	1	1	15.63	2.35
JMM	4	1	–1	11.51	2.23
JVM	2	0	0	5.02	–7.05
RJD	2	0	0	2.42	0.78
BSP	14	0	0	1.11	0.03
Other parties	186	0	0	7.75	–9.61
NOTA	14	0	0	1.27	–0.20
Total		14		100.00
Karnataka, Seats: 28, Turnout: 68.64 (–1.44)
NDA	28	26	9	53.38	10.37
BJP	27	25	8	51.38	8.37
Independent (BJP)	1	1	1	2.00	2.00
UPA	28	2	–9	41.55	–10.23
INC	21	1	–8	31.88	–8.93
JD(S)	7	1	–1	9.67	–1.30
BSP	28	0	0	1.17	0.32
Other parties	394	0	0	3.19	–0.34
NOTA	28	0	0	0.71	–0.12
Total		28		100.00
Kerala, Seats: 20, Turnout: 77.67 (+3.73)
UDF	20	19	7	47.24	6.97
INC	16	15	7	37.27	6.17
IUML	2	2	0	5.45	0.91
RSP	1	1	0	2.45	0.18
KCM	1	1	0	2.07	–0.29
NDA	19	0	0	14.80	4.47
BJP	15	0	0	12.93	2.60
BDJS	4	0	0	1.87	1.87
LDF	20	1	–7	34.25	–4.18
CPM	14	1	–4	25.83	4.24
CPI	4	0	–1	6.05	–1.54
KEC	1	0	0	0.76	0.76
Independent (LDF)	1	0	–2	1.61	–7.64
Other parties	168	0	0	3.20	–6.60
NOTA	20	0	0	0.51	–0.66
Total		20		100.00
Madhya Pradesh, Seats: 29, Turnout: 71.10 (+9.50)
BJP	29	28	1	58.00	3.97
INC	29	1	–1	34.50	–0.39
BSP	25	0	0	2.38	–1.41
Other parties	355	0	0	4.20	–1.77
NOTA	29	0	0	0.92	–0.40
Total		29		100.00
Maharashtra, Seats: 48, Turnout: 60.79 (+0.47)
NDA	48	41	0	50.88	2.93
BJP	25	23	0	27.59	0.27
SHS	23	18	0	23.29	2.66
UPA	47	5	–2	34.24	–2.73
INC	25	1	–1	16.27	–1.86
NCP	19	4	0	15.52	–0.45
SWP	2	0	–1	1.54	–0.73
BVA	1	0	0	0.91	0.31
AIMIM	1	1	1	0.72	0.72
VBA	47	0	0	6.93	6.93
Other parties	724	1	1	6.33	–7.86
NOTA	48	0	0	0.90	0.01
Total		48		100.00
Manipur, Seats: 2, Turnout: 82.78 (+3.03)
BJP	2	1	1	34.22	22.31
NPF	1	1	1	22.48	2.58
INC	2	0	–2	24.63	–17.06
CPI	1	0	0	8.27	–5.71
NEIDP	2	0	0	2.30	2.30
NPP	1	0	0	1.90	1.90
Other parties	60	0	0	5.87	–6.12
NOTA	2	0	0	0.33	–0.20
Total		2		100.00
Meghalaya, Seats: 2, Turn out: 71.43 (+2.63)
INC	2	1	0	48.28	10.35
NPP	1	1	0	22.27	0.07
UDP	1	0	0	19.55	9.64
BJP	2	0	0	7.93	–0.97
Other parties	3	0	0	1.17	–17.09
NOTA	2	0	0	0.80	–2.00
Total		2		100.00
Mizoram, Seats: 1, Turnout: 63.12 (+1.17)
MNF	1	1	1	44.89	44.89
UPA	1	0	–1	43.26	–5.33
Independent(INC)	1	0	–1	43.26	–5.33
BJP	1	0	0	5.75	5.75
Other parties	3	0	0	5.6	–44.31
NOTA	1	0	0	0.50	–1.00
Total		1		100.00
Nagaland, Seat: 1, Turnout: 83.09 (–4.73)
NDA	1	1	0	49.73	–18.94
NDPP	1	1	0	49.73	–18.94
INC	1	0	0	48.11	17.97
NPP	1	0	0	1.49	1.49
Other parties	1	0	0	0.46	–0.47
NOTA	1	0	0	0.21	–0.05
Total		1		100.00
Odisha, Seats: 21, Turn out: 73.06 (–0.72)
BJD	21	12	–8	42.76	–1.32
BJP	21	8	7	38.37	16.83
UPA	21	1	1	14.73	–12.53
INC	18	1	1	13.81	–12.17
CPI	1	0	0	0.25	–0.06
CPM	1	0	0	0.10	–0.07
JMM	1	0	0	0.57	–0.23
Other parties	111	0	0	2.83	–2.74
NOTA	21	0	0	1.31	–0.24
Total		21		100.00
Punjab, Seats: 13, Turn out: 65.96 (–4.67)
INC	13	8	5	40.12	7.07
NDA	13	4	–2	37.08	2.09
SAD	10	2	–2	27.45	1.19
BJP	3	2	0	9.63	0.90
AAP	13	1	–3	7.38	–16.98
BSP+	6	0	0	6.90	5.00
BSP	3	0	0	3.49	1.59
LIP	3	0	0	3.41	3.41
PnEP	3	0	0	2.15	2.15
Other parties	230	0	0	5.25	–0.03
NOTA	13	0	0	1.12	0.70
Total		13		100.00
Rajasthan, Seats: 25, Turn out: 66.07 (+2.96)
NDA	25	25	0	60.50	5.56
BJP	24	24	–1	58.47	3.53
RLP	1	1	1	2.03	2.03
INC	25	0	0	34.24	3.88
BSP+	24	0	0	2.04	–0.30
BSP	20	0	0	1.07	–1.27
BTP	4	0	0	0.97	0.97
Other parties	175	0	0	2.21	–8.94
NOTA	25	0	0	1.01	–0.20
Total		25		100.00
Sikkim, Seat: 1, Turn out: 78.81 (–4.83)
SKM	1	1	1	47.46	47.46
SDF	1	0	–1	43.92	–9.06
BJP	1	0	0	4.71	2.35
INC	1	0	0	1.13	–1.20
Other parties	7	0	0	2.13	–38.80
NOTA	1	0	0	0.65	–0.75
Total		1		100.00
Tamil Nadu, Seats: 38, Turn out: 72.02 (–1.71)
UPA	38	37	37	52.65	21.50
DMK	23	23	23	32.76	8.61
INC	9	8	8	12.76	8.40
CPI	2	2	2	2.44	1.89
CPM	2	2	2	2.40	1.84
VCK	1	1	1	1.18	–0.35
IUML	1	1	1	1.11	1.11
NDA	38	1	–37	30.27	–28.72
AIADMK	21	1	–35	18.48	–25.92
PMK	7	0	–1	5.42	0.87
BJP	5	0	–1	3.66	–1.13
DMDK	4	0	0	2.19	–3.06
TMC(M)	1	0	0	0.52	0.52
Other parties	746	0	0	15.80	7.39
NOTA	38	0	0	1.28	–0.17
Total		38		100.00
Telangana, Seats: 17, Turn out: 62.71 (–6.46)
TRS	17	9	–2	41.29	6.62
BJP	17	4	3	19.45	9.08
INC	17	3	1	29.48	5.01
AIMIM	1	1	0	2.78	–0.72
Other parties	391	0	–2	5.98	–20.21
NOTA	17	0	0	1.02	0.22
Total		17		100.00
Tripura, Seat: 1, Turn out: 83.20 (–1.73)
BJP	2	2	2	49.03	43.33
INC	2	0	0	25.34	10.14
CPM	2	0	–2	17.31	–46.70
INPT	2	0	0	4.16	4.16
Other parties	15	0	0	3.08	–10.83
NOTA	2	0	0	1.08	–0.10
Total		2		100.00
Uttarakhand, Seats: 5, Turn out: 61.48 (–0.19)
BJP	5	5	0	61.01	5.69
INC	5	0	0	31.40	–2.63
BSP	4	0	0	4.48	–0.25
Other parties	38	0	0	2.06	–2.77
NOTA	5	0	0	1.05	–0.04
Total		5		100.00
Uttar Pradesh, Seats: 80, Turn out: 57.37 (–1.07)
NDA	80	64	–9	50.76	7.44
BJP	78	62	–9	49.56	7.24
AD (S)	2	2	0	1.20	0.20
BSP+	78	15	10	38.89	–3.76
BSP	38	10	10	19.26	–0.36
SP	37	5	0	17.96	–4.22
RLD	3	0	0	1.67	0.82
INC	67	1	–1	6.31	–1.16
Other parties	754	0	0	3.20	–2.63
NOTA	80	0	0	0.84	0.11
Total		80		100.00
West Bengal, Seats: 42, Turn out: 81.69 (–0.53)
AITC	42	22	–12	43.28	3.93
BJP	42	18	16	40.25	23.41
INC	40	2	–2	5.61	–3.97
Left	41	0	–2	7.46	–22.15
CPM	31	0	–2	6.28	–16.43
FBL	3	0	0	0.42	–1.91
CPI	3	0	0	0.40	–2.03
RSP	4	0	0	0.36	–1.78
Other parties	301	0	0	2.44	–1.07
NOTA	42	0	0	0.96	–0.15
Total		42		100.00

Source: Election commission data compiled by CSDS data unit.

Table 3b.

Results of Lok Sabha Elections in 2019 in India’s Union Territories and the Change in Seats and Votes for Various Parties Compared to 2014 Lok Sabha Election Results

State and Parties	Contested	Seats Won	Change from 2014	Vote (%)	Change from 2014
Andaman and Nicobar Islands, Seat: 1 Turnout (%): 65.08 (–5.59)
INC	1	1	1	45.98	2.29
BJP	1	0	–1	45.30	–2.50
AAP	1	0	0	1.37	–0.59
BSP	1	0	0	1.20	0.60
Other parties	11	0	0	5.47	0.34
NOTA	1	0	0	0.68	–0.14
Total		1		100.00
Chandigarh, Seat: 1 Turnout (%): 70.62 (–3.09)
BJP	1	1	0	50.64	8.44
INC	1	0	0	40.35	13.51
AAP	1	0	0	3.02	–20.95
BSP	1	0	0	1.62	–1.89
Other parties	32	0	0	3.42	0.63
NOTA	1	0	0	0.95	0.26
Total		1		100.00
Dadra and Nagar Haveli, Seat: 1, Turnout (%): 79.59 (–4.50)
BJP	1	0	–1	40.92	–7.96
INC	1	0	0	4.33	–40.79
SHS	1	0	0	2.01	1.78
Other parties	4	0	0	2.28	–0.01
Independents	4	1	1	48.98	47.29
NOTA	1	0	0	1.48	–0.31
Total		1		100.00
Daman and Diu, Seat: 1, Turnout (%): 71.83 (–6.18)
BJP	1	1	0	42.98	–10.85
INC	1	0	0	31.62	–11.64
BSP	1	0	0	0.91	0.35
Other parties	1	0	0	22.79	21.95
NOTA	1	0	0	1.70	0.19
Total		1		100.00
Delhi, Seats: 7, Turnout (%): 60.51 (–4.59)
BJP	7	7	0	56.56	10.15
INC	7	0	0	22.51	7.36
AAP	7	0	0	18.11	–14.81
BSP	5	0	0	1.08	–0.15
Other parties	138	0	0	1.21	–2.60
NOTA	7	0	0	0.53	0.05
Total		7		100.00
Lakshadweep Seat: 1, Turnout (%): 84.96 (–1.66)
NCP	1	1	0	48.61	–1.50
INC	1	0	0	46.86	0.30
JD(U)	1	0	0	2.85	2.85
CPM	1	0	0	0.89	–0.19
CPI	1	0	0	0.30	–0.12
BJP	1	0	0	0.27	–0.16
Other parties	0	0	0	0.00	–1.12
NOTA	1	0	0	0.22	–0.06
Total		1		100.00
Puducherry Seat: 1, Turnout (%): 81.21 (–0.89)
INC	1	1	1	56.27	29.92
AINRC	1	0	–1	31.36	–3.21
MNM	1	0	0	4.81	4.81
NTK	1	0	0	2.89	2.89
BSP	1	0	0	0.34	0.06
Other parties	13	0	0	2.79	–33.00
NOTA	1	0	0	1.54	–1.47
Overall	19	1		100.00
Total		1		100.00

Source: Election commission data compiled by CSDS data unit.

Table 4.

Percentage of Votes Polled by the BJP in Constituencies It Contested in the Lok Sabha Elections Since 1996

Percentage of Votes Polled	1996	1998	1999	2004	2009	2014	2019
<10	144	34	15	28	134	31	41
10–20	48	29	14	38	52	43	15
20–30	53	35	54	62	52	38	11
30–40	109	110	70	84	80	67	43
40–50	82	124	103	102	86	113	102
>50	35	56	83	50	29	136	224
Total	471	388	339	364	433	428	436

Source: Election commission data compiled by CSDS data unit.

Table 5.

BJP’s Margin of Victory in the Constituencies: 2019 Lok Sabha Election

Margin of Victory	2009		2014		2019
Margin of Victory	Seats Won	Total Seats	Seats Won	Total Seats	Seats Won	Total Seats
<10,000	17	54	9	28	10	29
10,000–50,000	49	203	23	78	30	64
50,000–100,000	29	147	44	84	37	79
100,000–200,000	17	112	90	187	62	134
200,000–300,000	3	19	74	106	59	105
300,000–400,000	1	6	29	44	61	79
400,000–500,000	0	2	8	10	29	35
>500,000	0	0	5	6	15	17
Total	116	543	282	543	303	542

Source: Election commission data compiled by CSDS data unit.

Table 6.

Seats Won and Votes Secured by Parties and Party Alliances in Different Categories of Constituencies

	Total Seats	Congress		Congress Allies		BJP		BJP Allies		BSP+		Others
	Total Seats	Won	Vote (%)	Won	Vote (%)	Won	Vote (%)	Won	Vote (%)	Won	Vote (%)	Won	Vote (%)
Reserved seats
Reserved (SC)	84	6	16.74	6	5.35	46	35.34	8	8.97	2	9.43	16	24.17
Reserved (ST)	47	4	28.67	1	3.78	31	42.68	1	2.00	0	0.97	10	21.90
General	411	42	19.05	32	8.03	226	37.20	40	7.78	13	6.48	58	21.46
Total	542	52	19.49	39	7.25	303	37.36	49	7.48	15	6.48	84	21.94
Locality
Rural	342	29	18.13	16	7.02	198	38.10	35	6.91	11	7.56	53	22.28
Semi Urban	143	20	21.95	17	7.73	70	33.75	8	8.73	4	5.66	24	22.18
Urban	57	3	21.14	6	7.33	35	42.47	6	7.62	0	2.22	7	19.22
Total	542	52	19.49	39	7.25	303	37.36	49	7.48	15	6.48	84	21.94

Source: Election commission data compiled by CSDS data unit.

Table 7.

Electoral Volatility in Various States and at the All India Level for the Lok Sabha Elections: 1991–2019

State Name	1991–1996	1996–1998	1998–1999	1999–2004	2004–2009	2009–2014	2014–2019
Andhra Pradesh	14.31	15.55	16.11	17.02	28.66	59.51	10.34
Arunachal Pradesh	64.77	58.70	43.18	57.12	42.94	21.13	27.18
Assam	23.61	21.90	12.45	17.57	23.00	24.46	14.25
Bihar	30.59	39.27	37.85	15.44	17.42	23.58	16.74
Goa	28.93	18.52	38.06	15.16	9.99	29.29	7.05
Gujarat	19.09	13.13	14.31	6.98	3.71	16.31	4.05
Haryana	52.80	38.08	22.84	18.72	22.03	36.04	34.62
Himachal Pradesh	11.98	16.96	9.74	15.18	7.00	7.05	16.40
Jammu and Kashmir	50.00	49.03	11.27	26.15	16.35	15.70	25.11
Karnataka	22.63	21.77	35.38	20.81	10.76	6.67	11.82
Kerala	2.53	6.15	12.61	11.67	17.15	24.04	19.04
Madhya Pradesh	20.18	16.04	7.41	11.15	9.43	13.71	4.82
Maharashtra	23.96	13.63	25.82	11.51	14.95	19.52	12.39
Manipur	43.96	64.23	33.73	49.16	50.38	28.61	31.50
Meghalaya	2.97	41.96	45.64	57.85	52.58	58.80	20.07
Mizoram	23.48	18.43	64.65	54.33	66.59	18.00	53.31
Nagaland	55.67	37.69	28.02	73.66	4.27	1.98	69.65
Odisha	11.26	37.70	10.49	10.38	13.66	14.64	17.09
Punjab	36.88	16.16	22.45	11.82	11.98	26.04	19.27
Rajasthan	11.52	9.01	8.94	5.23	14.20	22.65	10.46
Sikkim	72.15	33.12	42.15	41.22	8.14	41.79	50.55
Tamil Nadu	40.56	31.39	18.24	15.47	17.15	27.70	37.48
Tripura	54.11	9.76	28.26	14.65	16.79	17.40	58.66
Uttar Pradesh	39.37	13.64	16.39	8.48	12.22	28.29	9.35
West Bengal	7.25	28.65	3.85	8.16	11.43	21.29	27.70
Jharkhand	18.78	25.48	13.41	23.10	23.51	23.05	18.44
Chhattisgarh	16.79	15.28	6.21	4.88	7.45	8.89	5.48
Uttarakhand	50.40	31.47	18.71	6.71	14.36	24.36	6.10
Telangana	15.92	14.20	11.05	11.70	40.37	31.30	22.10
Union Territories
Andaman and Nicobar Islands	29.82	31.64	26.04	18.46	14.76	9.59	5.69
Chandigarh	32.91	29.24	15.63	12.33	19.15	37.97	24.22
Dadra and Nagar Haveli	8.10	53.02	55.10	57.09	52.14	6.17	50.67
Daman and Diu	36.46	48.64	49.33	7.39	22.61	17.20	23.33
Delhi	14.81	8.85	3.92	13.42	5.83	46.88	18.07
Lakshadweep	1.16	0.16	48.45	7.93	51.21	5.63	3.16
Puducherry	15.86	26.83	67.67	62.33	58.51	66.63	38.45
All India	18.95	19.34	13.35	8.48	11.44	23.37	11.69

Source: Election commission data compiled by CSDS data unit.

Note: Index of electoral volatility (known as the Pedersen index) shows the net change in party support in an election period (i.e., between one election and the next) in terms of percentage of votes secured by different parties. Volatility can result either from shifts in vote from one party to the other, or from the arrival of new parties or the disappearance of the old ones. It is computed by adding the absolute value of change in percentage of votes gained and lost by each party from one election to the next, then dividing the sum by 2. Thus, in a party system with ‘n’ parties, electoral volatility = TNC/2, where TNC is Total Net Change in party support. The electoral volatility, thus, has a range of ‘0’ (perfect stability of electoral support to parties, where no party gained or lost votes) to 100 (perfect instability, where there is total shift of voters from one party to the other).

Table 8.

Effective Number of Parties by Votes at the State Level in the Lok Sabha Elections During 1996–2019

	1996	1998	1999	2004	2009	2014	2019
Andhra Pradesh	2.9	2.9	2.4	2.4	3.2	2.7	2.5
Arunachal Pradesh	***	2.6	2.6	2.9	2.5	2.6	2.5
Assam	4.9	4.3	4.0	4.6	5.0	4.1	3.7
Bihar	4.9	5.2	4.6	5.7	7.6	6.1	7.0
Goa	3.8	3.7	2.4	3.0	3.3	2.4	2.2
Gujarat	2.6	2.7	2.1	2.4	2.5	2.2	2.0
Haryana	6.5	5.2	3.4	3.8	4.0	4.2	2.4
Himachal Pradesh	2.0	2.3	2.6	2.1	2.2	2.2	1.8
Jammu and Kashmir	6.7	3.9	4.6	5.1	5.7	4.7	3.3
Karnataka	3.6	3.8	3.2	3.3	3.0	2.8	2.7
Kerala	4.9	4.7	4.0	4.5	3.7	5.8	4.3
Madhya Pradesh	3.6	2.7	2.4	2.8	2.8	2.4	2.2
Maharashtra	5.0	3.5	4.8	5.5	7.0	5.6	5.4
Manipur	5.3	5.4	5.7	8.9	3.9	4.0	4.2
Meghalaya	3.4	4.2	4.5	3.4	3.6	4.7	3.1
Mizoram	3.1	***	***	3.6	2.3	2.2	2.6
Nagaland	2.6	1.3	2.0	1.7	1.7	1.8	2.1
Odisha	3.2	3.4	3.3	3.4	3.6	3.2	2.9
Punjab	4.5	4.8	4.1	3.9	3.0	4.1	3.9
Rajasthan	2.9	2.7	2.3	2.4	2.8	2.5	2.2
Sikkim	1.7	1.9	2.2	1.8	2.1	2.3	2.4
Tamil Nadu	5.5	6.1	6.5	5.5	6.4	3.8	6.0
Tripura	2.5	2.4	2.7	2.0	2.1	2.3	3.0
Uttar Pradesh	4.8	3.8	4.9	5.0	5.1	3.7	3.1
West Bengal	3.3	4.5	4.4	4.4	4.3	4.1	2.8
Jharkhand	4.9	3.9	3.6	5.4	7.8	4.9	3.3
Chhattisgarh	3.6	2.7	2.4	2.6	2.9	2.6	2.4
Uttarakhand	4.8	3.4	3.1	3.1	3.1	2.4	2.1
Telangana	4.6	4.4	3.4	5.2	5.5	4.8	3.4
Union Territories
Andaman and Nicobar Island	2.4	3.3	2.2	2.3	2.6	2.4	2.4
Chandigarh	3.6	2.9	2.4	2.5	2.9	3.2	2.4
Dadra and Nagar Haveli	2.0	2.2	3.2	3.8	2.4	2.6	5.9
Daman and Diu	2.4	2.1	2.3	2.1	2.0	2.1	3.5
Delhi	2.6	2.3	2.3	2.1	2.2	2.9	2.5
Lakshadweep	2.0	2.0	2.1	2.1	2.1	2.1	2.2
Puducherry	3.1	3.0	3.3	2.6	2.7	4.3	2.4
All India	7.1	6.9	6.7	7.6	7.7	7.0	5.4

Source: Election commission data compiled by CSDS data unit.

Note: *** All seats won by independents. The effective number of parties (ENP) gives us an idea about the nature of the party system and structure of party competition. Going by the votes or seats secured by parties in an election, this measure tells us how many parties are effectively there in the electoral arena. It is given using the Taagepara and Shugart procedure N = 1/∑pi² where N is the effective number of parties, pi is the fractional share of ith party and ∑ stands for the summation of components. If one party secures all or almost all votes in an election, the ENP would be 1 or close to 1. Thus, in a one-party dominance system, ENP will be less than 2. In a two-party system with equally strong parties, the ENP would be 2. If there is a third party and some minor parties that influence the electoral outcome, the value would vary between 2 and 4. If the party system is highly pluralized, the ENP value would be 4 or greater.