Abstract
Objectives:
Individuals who participate in sports have an increased risk of osteoarthritis (OA), characterized by articular cartilage degeneration. Currently, there is no cure for OA with treatment aimed at symptom relief and improved function. Muscle-derived stem cells (MDSCs) have been shown to exhibit long-term proliferation, high self-renewal, and multipotent differentiation capabilities in vitro. Previously, we have demonstrated that murine MDSCs retrovirally transduced to express chondrogenic proteins (BMPs) differentiate into chondrocytes and enhance cartilage repair in vivo. Direct injection of therapeutic proteins can promote cartilage healing; however, they have relatively short half-lives requiring muitiple injections of high dosages. This presents a challenge in terms of maintaining adequate local BMP levels and could negatively affect both injured and normal structures and lead to side effects such as osteophyte formation. Gene therapy is a promising approach that addresses this problem; however, its utilization in clinical applications is much further down the road. In order to circumvent viral transduction of cells for cartilage regeneration, we developed a unique growth factor delivery platform comprised of native heparin and a synthetic polycation, poly(ethylene argininylaspartate diglyceride) (PEAD) incorporated with BMP2 (BMP2 coacervate). In this study, we show that sustained delivery of BMP2 via a BMP2 coacervate can induce the differentiation of MDSCs to a chondrocyte lineage for in vivo cartilage regeneration and healing in a Monoiodoacetate (MIA)-induced osteoarthritis model.
Methods:
mMDSCs were isolated from muscle biopsies via a modified pre-plated technique. The BMP2 coacervates were prepared as previously described. The release profiles of BMP2 coacervate were tested by ELISA. The chondrogenic effects that delivery of BMP2 had on MDSCs were evaluated by RT-PCR. The efficacy of MDSC with BMP2 coacervate were evaluated in vivo in a MIA-induced OA model in C57B6 mice. Mice received an intraarticular injection of 20μl of MIA to induce osteoarthritic lesions. Two weeks after MIA injection, mice were injected with PBS (control), MDSC + free BMP2, or MDSC + BMP2 coacervate. Histologic evaluations of cartilage regeneration were conducted at week 4. Institutional Animal Care and Use Committee approval was obtained prior to all animal studies.
Results:
Release profiles of BMP2 showed sustained release for more than 28 days demonstrating sustained release. The chondrogenic differentiation of MDSCs following BMP2 delivery was assayed using cell culture. The mRNA expression of Aggrecan and Col2A were significantly higher in each BMP2 group compared to control or vehicle only (P<0.05). Multi-dosage free BMP2 demonstrated significantly higher Aggrecan expression compared to single dose free BMP2 (p<0.05). Col2A and aggrecan expression in the BMP coacervate group was superior to both single and mult-dose free BMP2 delivery (p<0.05) (Fig 1A). Histologic examination demonstrated superior cartilage repair and integration in the BMP2 coacervate group (Fig. 1B).
Conclusion:
This study demonstrates that sustained growth factor delivery (BMP2) is a potential therapeutic option for muscle-derived stem cell based cartilage regeneration for the treatment of osteoarthritis. Our results demonstrate an effective method for prolonged exposure to BMP2 via a non-gene therapy approach which is preferred and clinically translatable.