A three-dimensional magnetohydrodynamic hybrid nanofluid flow over a convectively heated stretching surface with zero-mass flux condition

Hybrid nanofluids typically exhibit superior thermal efficiency compared to traditional nanofluids due to the synergistic effects of distinct nanoparticles. The amalgamation of these nanoparticles can enhance stability, heat transfer efficacy, and thermal conductivity. The incorporation of nanoparticles in thermal processes offers extensive applications related to heat exchangers and the cooling of compact heat density devices. The purpose of the current work is to investigate the thermal and mass transportation features of hybrid nanofluid magnetohydrodynamic flow with Hall current over a stretching surface. The production of a hybrid nanofluid is accomplished by associating the nanoparticles of copper and alumina with water (base fluid). The utilization of the self-similar approach accomplishes the transformation of governing flow equations from partial differential equations into a set of ordinary differential equations with a nonlinear nature, which is then evaluated using the Homotopy Analysis Method. Graphs are used to illustrate how the different physical parameters influence the velocity, temperature, and concentration distributions of the flow. The numerical result of skin friction and Nusselt number are tabulated in tables. The growing Hartman number diminished the velocity along x − axis and improved the velocity along the y − axis. The increasing values of the Hall current invoke the velocity profiles. The skin friction along x-direction is directly related to the Hartman number and inversely linked with the Hall current. The improved values of the Hall parameter descend the temperature graph. The Nusselt number improved with higher Eckert and Hartman numbers while reduces with Hall current.