Building Trustworthiness in Health Care and Research: Disrupting Traditional Practices Through Authentic Community Engagement—Project ENTRUST

Introduction

Trust, defined as the “willingness to be vulnerable under conditions of risk and interdependence,” ¹ is foundational to health. Trustworthiness, defined as the belief that a relationship with an individual or organization is reliable, truthful, and benevolent in situations that involve risk, ² must be earned through the actions of that individual or organization. Health systems and research institutions have a clear role in dismantling mistrust ^a and earning trust from the communities they serve. ³ Rather than focusing on the community as the cause of lack of trust, systems-level change requires centering community perspectives and lived experiences of racism, discrimination, and inequities that drive mistrust. When community perspectives are excluded, improvement efforts can remain disconnected from the people they intend to serve. ⁴ Meaningful systems-level change toward equitable, trustworthy, and anti-racist health care and research requires authentic and sustained collaborations with the community throughout each step of the process.^5,6

This project was guided by two foundational frameworks: the Truth, Racial Healing, & Transformation (TRHT) framework, ⁷ and Community-Based Participatory Research (CBPR) principles. ⁸ The TRHT is a comprehensive, community-driven approach designed to address the historical and contemporary impacts of racism by challenging the entrenched belief in a hierarchy of human value by race. It seeks to foster racial healing and systemic transformation through narrative change, relationship building, and structural reform. Complementing this, CBPR principles emphasize equitable collaboration between academic institutions and communities throughout the research process. These principles prioritize shared decision-making, mutual respect, and the co-creation of knowledge to ensure that research is both culturally responsive and action oriented. Together, these frameworks informed the design and implementation of Project ENTRUST, guiding its commitment to trust-building, transparency, and equity in health care and research.

The Project ENTRUST Model

In 2019, a diverse group of local leaders representing the community of Durham, North Carolina, and the surrounding areas approached leaders at Duke Health with concerns about the community’s lack of trust in the Duke Health health care and research system. Longstanding relationships between these community leaders and trusted partners within Duke Health played an important role in facilitating this initial meeting and establishing the basis for this community-collaborative project. In response to the community insights and concerns, Duke Health sought to understand the issues impacting trust of the institution by the community and identify ways to become a more trustworthy provider of health care and partner in research. Project ENTRUST was created in 2021 to work with the community and patients at Duke Health to develop innovative and transformative systems-level change practices that lead to improved trust in Duke Health. In this project, community refers to a wide array of individuals residing in and/or serving residents of Durham, North Carolina, a majority–minority city, and its surrounding counties. This includes representatives from community-based organizations (CBOs), faith-based organizations, community advisory boards and councils, and community leaders. These community partners represent the voices and needs of the populations they serve and are actively engaged in co-developing strategies to build trustworthiness in health care and research; they play a central role in shaping health care and research practices through lived experience, cultural insight, and trusted relationships. Their involvement ensures that solutions are grounded in authentic community perspectives and are responsive to local needs.

Here, we outline the ENTRUST Model: A Community Collaborative Model for Assessing and Building Trustworthy Health Care Systems and Research (hereafter ENTRUST Model, Fig. 1) and the process through which this model was created. The ENTRUST model fully integrates and centers the community, as critical experts, collaborators, and partners with a focus on improving trustworthiness, health outcomes, and health equity. The seven-phase ENTRUST Model illustrates the interconnectedness between health systems and communities and provides a critical and necessary foundation for Duke Health and other health care systems to examine trust through community engagement that leads to systems change.

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FIG. 1.

The ENTRUST model was developed through project ENTRUST.

ENTRUST Model Phases

Phase 4: Develop and Disseminate the ENTRUST Survey

Phase 4 involved community partnership in the ENTRUST Survey (see Supplementary Data) development to disrupt traditional research processes. Relevant frameworks and measures/scales were reviewed in existing literature. Survey items were included from well-validated tools designed to quantify medical mistrust, as well as novel items co-developed with community input and adapted to the unique experiences of community members.^10,11 Key domains focused on trust in health care, research, and community partnerships. Specific items examined included barriers to care, views on the research enterprise, attitudes toward trustworthiness, clinical interactions, experiences of discrimination, and organizational trust. The survey prioritized 4 constituent groups: patients, employees, community members (residents of the greater Durham area), and CBOs serving Durham. The final survey was designed to be completed in 15 min. The Duke Health Institutional Review Board approved this study (Pro00110562) with a waiver of signed informed consent.

The survey was offered online in English and Spanish via Qualtrics with access through emailed promotions or the Duke Health MyChart application, an electronic medical record portal for patients. Other dissemination efforts involved robust outreach plans with community partnerships for snowball sampling; collaboration with community organizations and media channels (social media, newsletters, flyers); and sharing of the survey URL link or QR code by community outreach mechanisms. In 9.5 weeks from May 5, 2023, to July 10, 2023, 6167 participants responded to the survey. Participant race and ethnicity data are presented in Figure 2.

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FIG. 2.

Information about race and ethnicity was solicited in 2 separate survey questions. Not all survey respondents answered these questions. Some survey respondents answered only one of these questions. Of the 6167 respondents, 5036 responded to the question regarding race and 5129 responded to the question regarding ethnicity. Additionally, the survey question regarding race allowed respondents to select multiple races, and respondents who selected multiple races were counted in all selected groups. The demographic data are representative of the Triangle region, but not Durham county. Durham County is 35% African American and 14% Latino based on recent census data. U.S. Census Bureau. Census data. Accessed June 1, 2024. https://www.census.gov/en.html.

Discussion

Trust plays a central role in all medical relationships and is an important contributor to positive therapeutic outcomes. Lack of patient trust is associated with fewer doctor–patient interactions, poor clinical relationships that exhibit less continuity, reduced likelihood of following medical advice, worse self-reported health, reduced utilization of health care services, and lower clinical research participation; thus contributing to health disparities, particularly among minoritized and marginalized populations. ¹² Project ENTRUST developed a model process that assesses trust and trustworthiness with the goal of remedying factors contributing to mistrust and lack of trustworthiness in health care and medical research at Duke Health.

Success for Project ENTRUST is defined through a combination of quantitative benchmarks, qualitative indicators, and meaningful community engagement outcomes. A key achievement was the co-development and dissemination of the ENTRUST Survey, which surpassed its original goal of 3500 responses, ultimately engaging 6167 participants. The survey included six open-ended items exploring perspectives of trust, distrust, and recommendations in and for Duke Health. Notably, over 50% (n = 3209) of respondents provided a response to these items, indicating a high level of engagement and the value of providing an opportunity for qualitative community input in the survey.

The ENTRUST Model also facilitated 6 town hall meetings and 3 focus groups with over 300 attendees, followed by a post-event survey completed by 121 participants. Analysis of post-event survey responses indicated strong community approval of the Project ENTRUST model process with high average ratings (mean > 4.6 on a 5-point scale) across items measuring satisfaction, perceived trustworthiness, and degree of meaningful engagement. This model has the potential to catalyze systems-level change. The Translation to Action Committee, currently being organized, will address commonly shared concerns and recommendations identified through comprehensive analysis of survey data and townhall discussions. Themes emerging from community feedback have guided short-term action items, some of which have been prioritized for immediate implementation. The ENTRUST Model’s collaborative design is a transformative framework for advancing trust, equity, and accountability in health care. While early successes are evident, the Project ENTRUST team recognizes that building trust is a long-term endeavor. As such, the sustainability plan includes repeating the ENTRUST Model Phases 4–7 every 5 years to ensure continued impact. The ENTRUST Model establishes a roadmap for other health care systems and medical research institutions to earn the trust of the communities they serve through engagement and systems-level change. From this foundation, we can assess the impact of systems-level change efforts over time and continually identify opportunities to enhance, expand, or course correct to promote equity in health care and research. Broad dissemination of the ENTRUST Model to other health care systems and research institutions contributes to the advancement of trust and trustworthiness research already underway nationally.

Authors’ Contributions

A.T.: Data curation, investigation, project administration, resources, software, supervision, validation, visualization, writing—original draft, writing—review and editing; C.C.D.: Project administration, writing—original draft, writing—review and editing; D.C.J.: Resources, writing—review and editing; D.M.: Conceptualization, methodology, writing—review and editing; J.S.: Conceptualization, data curation, investigation, methodology, project administration, supervision, writing—review and editing; K.L.B.E.: Project administration, supervision, writing—review and editing; L.E.B.: Conceptualization, funding acquisition, investigation, project administration, resources, supervision, writing—review and editing; M.L.: Conceptualization, project administration, supervision, writing—review and editing; N.J.B.: Conceptualization, investigation, methodology, project administration, resources, supervision, writing-original draft, writing—review and editing; P.B.M.: Data curation, formal analysis, validation, writing—review and editing; R.P.S.: Resources, writing—review and editing; S.E.: Conceptualization, data curation, investigation, project administration, resources, supervision, writing—original draft, writing—review and editing; S.N.: Funding acquisition, resources, writing—review and editing; S.Q.: Data curation, formal analysis, visualization, writing—review and editing; S.T.: Project administration, writing—review and editing; W.B.: Project administration, writing—review and editing.