They sprout everywhere: Urban agriculture experimentations in Metro Manila

Urban agriculture experiments in Asia's metropolises are often spontaneous assemblages that unfold with diverse trajectories. Rather than being confined to the laboratories and field sites of state and market institutions, many such experiments escape or exceed the knowledge production spaces of technocrats, scientific professionals, and planners. Instead, knowledge is co-produced within a network of agentic actors, which also includes fledgling gardeners, local government officials, non-profit organizations, experienced rural farmers, culinary professionals, and even nonhumans. Some emergent networks are unlikely alliances forged across class lines, rural-urban divides, and political spectra. Spontaneous, diffuse, and polycentric, urban agriculture experiments complicate our understanding of the governance of urban experiments and urban environments. This paper explores the polycentric governance of urban agriculture experiments in Metro Manila, a highly dense and fragmented megacity in Southeast Asia. Drawing on observations in urban agriculture spaces and in-depth interviews with urban farmers and representatives from state and non-state institutions, this paper illustrates how polycentric urban agriculture experiments in Metro Manila reflect the ambivalences—both the promises and struggles—of urban experimentation. On the one hand, the socio-material relations emerging from urban agriculture experiments demonstrate transformative promises. On the other hand, while creativity and innovation sprout out of the metropolis's cracks and fissures like tiny seedlings of hope, many of them are ultimately stunted by Metro Manila's adverse political and economic realities. Whether these experiments can eventually influence urban governance and planning to improve the lives of Manileños remains a question.