The effect of Ti on the microstructure and mechanical properties of (Ti + Mg 3 Sb 2 )/Mg composites

Abstract

In the present research work, (titanium (Ti) + magnesium antimonide (Mg₃Sb₂)/magnesium (Mg) composites with Ti contents of 0, 5%, 10%, and 15% (mass fraction, %) were fabricated by powder metallurgy. The effect of different Ti contents on the microstructure and mechanical properties of (Ti + Mg₃Sb₂)/Mg composites was investigated. The results show that the volume of Mg₃Sb₂ compounds can be significantly refined and the distribution uniformity of Mg₃Sb₂ compounds can be improved by adding an appropriate amount of Ti. Part of Sb reacts with Ti in situ to form TiSb₂ compounds at the periphery of Ti particles. However, the reaction is not sufficient, and there is still the remaining Ti distribution in composites. Both Ti particles and TiSb₂ compounds form (Ti + TiSb₂) microstructures, which have different degrees of agglomeration with the increase of Ti contents in composites. The appropriate amount of Ti can improve the mechanical properties of the composite, but excessive Ti can reduce the tensile strength of the composite.

Keywords

powder metallurgy intermetallic compounds composite materials mechanical properties microstructure

Introduction

Magnesium (Mg)-based composites have the advantages of high specific strength and specific stiffness, good abrasion resistance and damping properties, low density, easy processing, and so on. They are light metal-based composites with excellent properties developed after aluminum-based composites. They have a broad prospect in the fields of aerospace, automobile industry, electronic communication, and other fields, which become one of the research hotspots in the field of materials.^1

–5

Intermetallic compounds have the advantages of high melting point, high strength, high hardness, good creep-fatigue, and oxidation resistance.^6
–8 Their properties are between metal and ceramic, so they are known as semiceramic materials.⁹ It is of great research value to use intermetallic compounds as the reinforcing phases of pure Mg or Mg alloys. According to the phase diagram of Mg-Sb binary alloy¹⁰ (Figure 1), there is a high melting point intermetallic compound magnesium antimonide (Mg₃Sb₂) in the magnesium (Mg)-antimony (Sb) binary alloy system, and its melting point is 1245 ± 5°C. Some literature^11–13 have shown that adding a small amount of Sb to Mg alloys can form rod-shaped Mg₃Sb₂ intermetallic compounds. Mg₃Sb₂ compounds can strengthen the matrix and grain boundaries and also have good thermodynamic stability. Therefore, the mechanical properties of Mg alloys are improved at room temperature and high temperature, but the ductility is slightly reduced. In addition, the creep resistance of Mg alloys is also improved.¹² Tian et al.¹⁴ and Wang et al.¹⁵ have deformed Mg alloys by hot extrusion. The research have been proved that a large plastic deformation can change the microstructure of rod-shaped Mg₃Sb₂ compounds and make them broken into particles. Both mechanical properties and toughness of Mg alloys are significantly improved. Han et al.^16,17 have prepared the Al-Mg₃Sb₂ composite coating on the surface of AZ31B Mg alloy. The research has shown that the hardness, wear resistance, and corrosion resistance of the coating can be promoted by adding an appropriate amount of Mg₃Sb₂ intermetallic compounds. When the mass fraction of Mg₃Sb₂ compounds is 80%, the hardness of the coating increases by about 579%. Thus, as an intermetallic compound, the Mg₃Sb₂ compound is a potential structural material due to its excellent properties. However, relatively few studies have used Mg₃Sb₂ intermetallics as the main reinforcing phase of Mg or Mg alloys. It can be seen from the research results of the existing literature^18
–20 that the properties of Mg₃Sb₂/Mg composites are not ideal, so how to improve the properties of Mg₃Sb₂/Mg composites is worth further study.

Figure 1.

Phase diagram of Mg-Sb binary alloy. Mg: magnesium; Sb: antimony.

Titanium (Ti) has the characteristics of high specific strength and good corrosion resistance. The solid solubility of Ti in Mg is very small and does not react with Mg, as shown in the Mg-Ti phase diagram¹⁰ of Figure 2. In addition, both Ti and Mg have hexagonal close-packed structure²¹ with the same crystal structure and good compatibility. Adding Ti as a reinforcing phase to Mg and Mg alloys can not only improve the strength and hardness of the matrix but also maintain many advantages of Ti. It has been reported in the literature^22,23 that adding Ti to pure Mg or Mg alloy can improve the mechanical properties of the material. So far, there is no systematic study on the evaluation of the microstructure and mechanical properties of Mg-Sb-Ti materials. Therefore, choosing Ti to reinforce the Mg₃Sb₂/Mg composite could theoretically solve the problem of low strength of Mg₃Sb₂/Mg composite and improve the mechanical properties of the composite.

Figure 2.

Phase diagram of Mg-Ti binary alloy. Mg: magnesium; Ti: titanium.

Compared with the traditional casting method, there are no too many requirements for the type and volume fraction of the reinforcing phase in the composite prepared by powder metallurgy. In addition, to reduce the defects, such as small amount of residual holes, due to inadequate adhesion between powder particles, it is often necessary to use the hot-pressing deformation process to fill the holes and eliminate the defects so as to improve the performance of composites.

In this article, (Ti + Mg₃Sb₂)/Mg composites with Ti contents of 0, 5%, 10%, and 15% were prepared by powder metallurgy. The present investigation aims to study the microstructure, mechanical properties, and strengthening mechanism of composites with different Ti contents.

Experimental procedure

The composite materials were prepared from three pure metals of Mg (99.5% purity), Sb (99.0% purity), and Ti (99.99% purity) by powder metallurgy. First, the raw materials were weighed according to the composition ratio provided in Table 1. Next, the raw materials were put into the ball mill and mixed uniformly at a speed of 200 r min⁻¹ for 60 min. Then, the uniformly mixed powder was put into the mold and cold-pressed into round billets of ϕ 40 × 6 mm² under the press. Subsequently, the billets were sintered in an environment protected by argon gas, heated to 700°C at a heating rate of 10°C min⁻¹, and held for 60 min. After sintering, the samples were cooled to room temperature with the furnace temperature. Finally, the prepared (Ti + Mg₃Sb₂)/Mg composite materials were put into a press for hot-pressing deformation.

Table 1.

Chemical composition of composite (wt%).

No.	Ti	Sb	Mg
0	0	15	Balance
1	5	15	Balance
2	10	15	Balance
3	15	15	Balance

The phase composition of the composite was analyzed using X-ray diffraction (XRD) analyzer. The microstructure and tensile fracture morphologies of the composite with different Ti contents were observed using field-emission scanning electron microscope (SEM). The distribution of elements in the composite was analyzed by energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS). The microhardness of the composite was measured using a semiautomatic micro Vickers hardness tester Te Shi Inspection Technology (Shanghai) Co., Ltd with the load of 100 g force and duration of 10 s. The tensile strength of the composite was tested by a microcomputer-controlled electronic universal material experimental machine with the tensile speed of 2 mm min⁻¹, and the tensile specimen is shown in Figure 3.

Figure 3.

Schematic diagram of tensile samples.

Results and discussion

Phase composition

Figure 4 shows the XRD diffraction patterns of (Ti + Mg₃Sb₂)/Mg composite materials with different Ti contents. It can be seen from the figure that when Ti is not added, the composite only contains the diffraction peaks of Mg and Mg₃Sb₂ phases. After adding Ti particles, a new intermetallic compound TiSb₂ appears in the composite. Due to the small amount of Ti particles added, the diffraction peaks of TiSb₂ are relatively weak, and the traces of Ti element diffraction peaks can be observed by zooming in the local position in Figure 4. It indicates that during the sintering process, the added Ti reacts with a part of Sb to form the new intermetallic compound TiSb₂, but the reaction is not sufficient, and there is still elemental Ti remaining.

Figure 4.

XRD patterns of (Ti + Mg₃Sb₂)/Mg composites. XRD: X-ray diffraction; Mg₃Sb₂: magnesium antimonide; Ti: titanium; Mg: magnesium.

Figure 5 shows the image of the microstructure element surface distribution of the (Ti+Mg₃Sb₂)/Mg (wt_Ti = 10%) composite. It can be observed from the comparison of the surface distribution images of each element that there is a large concentrated distribution of Ti elements, as shown in Figure 5(d), and these areas are Ti particles. Some Sb elements are enriched in the periphery of Ti particles, and the enriched areas have a part of Ti elements distribution, as shown in the dotted area in Figure 5, and these areas are new intermetallic compounds TiSb₂. The remaining Sb elements are distributed in a granular or rod-shaped away from Ti particles, as shown in Figure 5(c), and these areas are intermetallic compounds Mg₃Sb₂. According to the comprehensive analysis of Figure 5, in Figure 5(a), the dark-gray granular microstructure is Ti particle, and the gray-white microstructure distributed around the Ti particle is the TiSb₂ compound, and the gray-white microstructure with granular or rod distribution is the Mg₃Sb₂ compound, which has no contact with Ti particles, and the dark gray part of the remaining large area is the Mg matrix.

Figure 5.

The (Ti + Mg₃Sb₂)/Mg composite (wt _Ti = 10%) microstructure element surface distribution image of (a) EDS surface scanning area, (b) Mg, (c) Sb, and (d) Ti. EDS: energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy; Mg₃Sb₂: magnesium antimonide; Ti: titanium; Mg: magnesium; Sb: antimony.

Microstructure

Figure 6 shows the microstructure of (Ti + Mg₃Sb₂)/Mg composites with different Ti contents. When Ti particles are not added, as shown in Figure 6(a), the gray-white microstructures are Mg₃Sb₂ intermetallic compounds with different morphologies and volume sizes. Moreover, some closely spaced Mg₃Sb₂ intermetallics are continuously distributed. This is because, during the rise of sintering temperature, some Sb and Mg react to form the primary phase Mg₃Sb₂ compound (Mg(s) + 2Sb(s) = Mg₃Sb₂(s)).²⁴ However, the reaction is not sufficient. When the temperature is 630–700°C, the part of Sb which is not involved in the reaction is the liquid phase, as shown in the Mg-Sb phase diagram of Figure 1. Due to the growth resistance of Mg₃Sb₂ compounds in the liquid phase is smaller than that of the solid phase, some Sb reaction generates the secondary phase Mg₃Sb₂ compound (Mg(s or l) + 2Sb(l) = Mg₃Sb₂(s)), which grows preferentially along the direction of atomic saturation and presents rod-shaped distribution with different length, as shown in Figure 6(a) dotted circles. During cooling, there is still some residual liquid Sb in the Mg-Sb binary liquid phase, and with the decrease of temperature, the eutectoid reaction (L_(Mg-Sb) = Mg₃Sb₂ (s) + Mg (s)) takes place in Mg-Sb binary liquid phase. The Mg₃Sb₂ compound is continuously precipitated from the liquid phase with some primary phase or secondary phase Mg₃Sb₂ as the base phase, and the precipitated phase Mg₃Sb₂ grows on the periphery of the generated Mg₃Sb₂ phase, making some Mg₃Sb₂ phases larger in volume. Therefore, the volume of Mg₃Sb₂ varies, and some closely spaced Mg₃Sb₂ phases are connected together due to the growth of the precipitated phase Mg₃Sb₂ and distributed continuously in the Mg matrix. When Ti contents are 5%, as shown in Figure 6(b), the distribution uniformity of Mg₃Sb₂ compounds in the Mg matrix is improved, and the volumes of Mg₃Sb₂ phases are significantly refined and distributed in a granular or rod shape, and the continuously distributed Mg₃Sb₂ microstructure is reduced. This is because the new intermetallic compounds TiSb₂ are formed by the reaction²¹ of Ti particles with part of Sb, which consumes part of Sb and reduces the content of Sb participating in the eutectoid reaction, so as to reduce the amount of precipitated phases Mg₃Sb₂. It can be also observed from Figure 6(b) that TiSb₂ compounds grow along the periphery of Ti particles. Because of the thin thickness of TiSb₂ microstructures, it is equivalent to forming a protective layer on the outside of Ti particles, forming the (Ti + TiSb₂) microstructure together with Ti particles. To some extent, the microstructure can not only prevent the propagation of internal cracks and other defects of Ti particles but also retain the excellent properties of Ti particles. When Ti contents are 10%, as shown in Figure 6(c), the distribution of Mg₃Sb₂ phases is more uniform, and most of them are granular and a few are rod-shaped. This is because with the increase of Ti contents, the amount of Sb participating in the reaction of Ti + 2Sb = TiSb₂ increases, which makes the precipitated phase and secondary phase Mg₃Sb₂ decrease. The increase of TiSb₂ phases causes agglomeration of some Ti particles closer to each other. As the Ti content increases, the agglomeration phenomenon becomes more serious, as shown in Figure 6(d). This may be the content of the reinforcing phase in the composite increases as the Ti content increases, which increases the probability of the agglomeration of the reinforcing phase. The closer Ti particles are gathered together and finally connected together as the TiSb₂ compound grows on the surface of Ti particles to cause agglomeration. In addition, the gravity of Ti particles might also be one of the reasons for the agglomeration of microstructures. The agglomeration of (Ti + TiSb₂) microstructures results in the uneven distribution of the microstructure of the composite, and it can be observed that there are many large-area Mg matrix with no microstructure distribution in Figure 6(d).

Figure 6.

Microstructure of (Ti + Mg₃Sb₂)/Mg composites with Ti content of (a) 0, (b) 5%, (c) 10%, and (d) 15%. Mg₃Sb₂: magnesium antimonide; Ti: titanium; Mg: magnesium.

Mechanical property

Figure 7 shows the microhardness of different Ti contents (Ti + Mg₃Sb₂)/Mg composites. It can be seen from the figure that after adding Ti, the microhardness of composites is improved, and the hardness data increase with the increase of Ti contents. The reasons may be that, on the one hand, the distribution of (Ti + TiSb₂) microstructures in composites may play a role of pinning dislocation movement to hinder dislocation movement. On the other hand, due to the larger hardness of Ti particles, when the composite is subjected to a vertical load, Ti particles share part of the load of the composite, which limits the deformation of the matrix Mg. As the Ti content increases, the strengthening effect of Ti particles becomes more pronounced. When the Ti content is 15%, the average microhardness of the composite is 74.5 HV, which is 28.8% higher than that of Mg₃Sb₂/Mg composites.

Figure 7.

Microhardness of (Ti + Mg₃Sb₂)/Mg composites. Mg₃Sb₂: magnesium antimonide; Ti: titanium.

Figure 8 shows the tensile properties of (Ti + Mg₃Sb₂)/Mg composites with different Ti contents. It can be seen from the figure that after adding Ti particles, the tensile strength of composites is significantly improved. When the Ti content is 10%, the average tensile strength of the composite is the maximum, which is 177.8 MPa. Compared with the Mg₃Sb₂/Mg composite without Ti particles, the tensile strength of the composite is increased by about 33%. This is because when the Ti content is 0, the Mg₃Sb₂ phase in the composite presents a large number of rod-shaped, which is easy to produce stress concentration^12,13 at the tip or edge of the shape when stretched, forming the crack source to seriously cut the Mg matrix. Moreover, some of the Mg₃Sb₂ phase with continuous growth and long length is more brittle, which limits the deformation degree of the composite, and it is easy to fracture when it is subject to tensile deformation. When the Ti content is 5%, the strength of the composite is improved. The reasons for the increase in tensile strength are as follows. (1) Fine-grain strengthening: With the addition of Ti particles, the microstructure of Mg₃Sb₂ is refined and the grain boundaries are increased, which hinder the movement of dislocations and the propagation of cracks, so the strength and toughness of the composite are improved. (2) Dispersion strengthening: The number of continuously growing Mg₃Sb₂ compounds was reduced, and (Ti + TiSb₂) and Mg₃Sb₂ phases in the composite are evenly distributed in the matrix, hindering the movement of dislocations and increasing the strength of the composite. (3) Deformation strengthening: The hardness of Ti particles is much higher than that of Mg matrix. In the process of hot-pressing deformation, the lattice distortion could occur around Ti particles due to plastic deformation, which hinders the movement of dislocations and grain boundaries so as to achieve the purpose of strengthening. (4) Different thermal expansion coefficients: The difference in thermal expansion coefficients makes the volume shrinkage of Ti particles and Mg matrix different during the cooling process of the preparation of composites, thereby forming dislocations and thermal stresses around Ti particles to achieve the effect of dislocation strengthening and improve the strength of the composite. However, in the composite with Ti content of 5%, there are more rod-shaped Mg₃Sb₂ phases, which still have adverse effects on the matrix. When the Ti content is 10%, the Mg₃Sb₂ microstructure is mostly granular. The reduction of the rod-shaped Mg₃Sb₂ avoids excessive stress concentration in the material to break the matrix. The distribution of (Ti + TiSb₂) microstructure is more uniform, and the pinning effect on dislocations is particularly obvious. With the increase of Ti contents, the lattice distortion in the composite increases. Therefore, compared with the composite with 5% Ti content, the strength of the composite is further improved, and the toughness is also greatly improved. However, when the content of Ti increases to 15%, the agglomeration of (Ti + TiSb₂) microstructure makes the internal microstructure of the composite distribute unevenly. When the composite is stretched, it could fracture at the agglomerated (Ti + TiSb₂) compounds preferentially. In addition, the existence of a large number of reinforcing phases could reduce the toughness of the composite, thus resulting in a decrease of the strength of the composite.

Figure 8.

Tensile properties of (Ti + Mg₃Sb₂)/Mg composites. Mg₃Sb₂: magnesium antimonide; Ti: titanium; Mg: magnesium.

Figure 9 shows the tensile fracture morphology of (Ti + Mg₃Sb₂)/Mg composites with different Ti contents. When Ti content is 0, as shown in Figure 9(a), during stretching, part of Mg₃Sb₂ phases breaks from the inside to form a smooth cleavage surface Figure 9(a-A). Some Mg₃Sb₂ compounds tend to produce stress concentration at the tip or edge, leading to cracks, and the crack growth leads to the separation of Mg₃Sb₂ and Mg matrix interface, resulting in exposed Mg₃Sb₂ structures interface (Figure 9(a-D)). Some dimples (Figure 9(a-C)) and a few pits (Figure 9(a-B)) are also observed. These are the mixed morphology of quasi-cleavage fracture and intergranular fracture. When the content of Ti is 5%, as shown in Figure 9(b), the exposed Mg₃Sb₂ phase decreases and the fracture surface of Ti particles with larger area appears in it. The increase of dimple area indicates the increase of toughness. When the Ti content is 10%, as shown in Figure 9(c), the dimple area is the largest, which means that the toughness is the best. Obviously, this is consistent with the tensile properties of composites (Figure 6). When the Ti content is 15%, the dimples decrease and a large number of cleavage surfaces appear, as shown in Figure 9(d), and it shows that the increase of the reinforcing phase increases the brittleness of the composite.

Figure 9.

Fracture morphology of composites with Ti contents of (a) 0, (b) 5%, (c) 10%, and (d) 15%. Ti: titanium.

Conclusions

In this article, the (Ti + Mg₃Sb₂)/Mg composite was prepared by powder metallurgy, and the effect of Ti on the microstructure and mechanical properties of Mg₃Sb₂/Mg composites was studied. It has a certain reference value for the research of Mg-Sb and Mg-Sb-Ti materials. The major conclusions can be derived as follows:

Ti particles react with some Sb to form the new intermetallic compound TiSb₂. The (Ti + Mg₃Sb₂)/Mg composite with different Ti contents are composed of four phases: Mg, Mg₃Sb₂, TiSb₂, and Ti.

After adding Ti particles, the volume of the Mg₃Sb₂ phase is reduced, and the uniformity of the Mg₃Sb₂ phase distribution is improved. The TiSb₂ compound is distributed around Ti particles to form the (Ti + TiSb₂) microstructure. With the increase of Ti contents, the (Ti + TiSb₂) microstructure appears in different degrees of agglomeration.

Adding Ti particles can improve the mechanical properties of Mg₃Sb₂/Mg composites. The modification effect of Ti particles on Mg₃Sb₂ phases, to a certain extent, reduces the problem of lower strength of the composite caused by the stress concentration at the tip of the rod-shaped Mg₃Sb₂ phase. The (Ti + TiSb₂) and Mg₃Sb₂ phases play a role of pinning in the matrix to hinder dislocation movement so as to improve the strength and hardness of the composite. In contrast, when the Ti content is 10%, the mechanical properties of the composite are the best, and the average microhardness and average tensile strength are increased by about 23% and 33%, respectively, compared with the Mg₃Sb₂/Mg composite.

Footnotes

Declaration of conflicting interests

The author(s) declared no potential conflicts of interest with respect to the research, authorship, and/or publication of this article.

Funding

The author(s) received no financial support for the research, authorship, and/or publication of this article.

ORCID iD

Bo Li

References

Tian

Xiao

, et al. Technological advances in fabrication of magnesium matrix composites. Mater Rev 2016; 30(19): 32–38.

Feng

Chen

Peng

, et al. Research progress on magnesium matrix composites. Chin J Nonferrous Met 2017; 27(12): 2385–2407.

Xie

Guo

Huang

, et al. Understanding the anti-wear mechanism of SiCp/WE43 magnesium matrix composite. Vaccum 2020; 172: 109949.

Ding

, et al. High performance carbon nanotube-reinforced magnesium nanocomposite. Mater Sci Eng A 2020; 771: 138575.

Dash

Samanta

Rai

. Studies on synthesis of magnesium based metal matrix composites (MMCs). Mater Today Proc 2018; 5: 20110–20116.

Jiang

Zhang

, et al. Fabrication process and research progress of the Intermetallic compounds/ceramic matrix composites, China Ceram Ind 2013; 20(6): 26–31.

Gupta

Chaudhari

Daniel

BSS

. Strengthening mechanisms in ultrasonically processed aluminium matrix composite with in-situ Al₃Ti by salt addition. Compos Part B: Eng 2018; 140: 27–34.

Akhlaghi

Noghani

Emamy

. The effect of La-intermetallic compounds on tensile properties of Al-15%Mg₂Si in-situ composite. Procedia Mater Sci 2015; 11: 55–60.

Yin

Zhang

, et al. Semi-ceramic material-intermatallic compound materials and its application. China Ceram Ind 2002; 38(1): 39–42.

10.

Villars

Prince

. Handbook of ternary alloy phase diagrams. Cleveland: ASM International, 1995.

11.

Yuan

Sun

Ding

. Effects of bismuth and antimony additions on the microstructure and mechanical properties of AZ91 magnesium alloy. Mat Sci Eng A 2001; 308: 38–44.

12.

Yuan

Sun

Ding

. Effects of Sb addition on the microstructure and mechanical of AZ91 magnesium alloy. Scripta Mater 2000; 43: 1009–1013.

13.

Balasubramani

Srinivasan

Pillai

UTS

, et al. Effect of antimony addition on the microstructure and mechanical properties of ZA84 magnesium alloy. J Alloy Compd 2008; 455: 168–173.

14.

Tian

Wang

Shon

, et al. Microstructure and properties of hot extruded AZ31-0.25%Sb Mg-alloy. T Nonferrous Metal Soc 2008; 18: s17–s21.

15.

Wang

Zhou

Xie

, et al. Microstructure and mechanical properties of an Mg–10Al alloy fabricated by Sb-alloying and ECAP processing. Mater Sci Eng A 2013; 560: 787–791.

16.

Han

Long

Zhou

. Effect of Mg₃Sb₂ content on wear resistance of Al-Mg₃Sb₂ composite coatings. Surf Tech 2018; 47(2): 83–88.

17.

Han

Long

Zhou

. Structure and properties of Al- Mg₃Sb₂ multi-phase coatings with different composition. Surf Tech 2017; 46(9): 13–17.

18.

Rajeshkumar

Jayaraj

Srinivasan

, et al. Investigation on the microstructure, mechanical properties and corrosion behavior of Mg-Sb and Mg-Sb-Si alloys. J Alloy Compd 2017; 691: 81–88.

19.

Chi

Long

Zhou

. Effects of Al on microstructure and properties of In-situ synthesized Mg₃Sb₂/Mg composites. Special Casting Nonferrous Alloys 2019; 39(2): 181–184.

20.

Long

Zhou

. Mechanism of Ni element reinforced Mg₃Sb₂ /Mg composites. Trans Metal Heat Treat 2019; 40: 21–25.

21.

Tang

Tian

. Binary alloy phase diagrams and crystal structure of intermediate phase. Changsha: Central South University Press, 2009.

22.

Dinaharan

Zhang

Chen

, et al. Titanium particulate reinforced AZ31 magnesium matrix composites with improved ductility prepared using friction stir processing. Mater Sci Eng A 2020; 772: 138793.

23.

Cai

Song

Yang

, et al. A bulk nanocrystalline Mg–Ti alloy with high thermal stability and strength. Mater Lett 2018; 210: 121–123.

24.

Chi

Long

Zhou

. Study on the synthesis mechanism of Mg₃Sb₂ reinforced magnesium matrix composites. Special Casting Nonferrous Alloys 2018; 38: 1105–1108.