Covering a mass shooting can change a journalist’s outlook on the profession and craft of journalism. Some journalists thought of themselves as trusted in the community and righting wrongs, while others questioned the value of their coverage, regretted their processes or reflected on the ethical challenges they faced. The 51 journalists interviewed in this article demonstrated the media functions described by Weaver et al.—interpretive-watchdog, adversarial, disseminator and populist-mobilizer.
AbubakarA. T. (2020). News values and the ethical dilemmas of covering violent extremism. Journalism and Mass Communication Quarterly, 97(1), 278–298.
2.
AlaimoK. I.DavisM. P.HoppT. (2023). COVID-19, job satisfaction, and feelings of occupational alienation among American journalists. Journalism and Mass Communication Quarterly. Advance online publication. https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/full/10.1177/10776990231207013
AnastácioK.AufderheideP. (2026). Hiding in plain sight: Ethics of care in mainstream journalism codes of ethics. Journal of Media Ethics, 41(1), 1–19. https://doi.org/10.1080/23736992.2025.2532444
5.
ArreyT.ReynoldsD. (2023). “I definitely would appreciate a little more validation”: Toward an ethics of care in college newsrooms and journalism education. Journalism and Mass Communication Educator, 78, 142–164. https://doi-org.portal.lib.fit.edu/10.1177/10776958231153267
CharlesM. (2022). Re-thinking trauma: Local journalism, peace-building and continuous traumatic stress (CTS) on the violent margins of Columbia. Media, War & Conflict, 15(2), 202–220. https://doi-org.portal.lib.fit.edu/10.1177/1750635220939121
8.
CreswellJ. W.PothC. H. (2018). Qualitative inquiry and research design: Choosing among five approaches (3rd ed.). Sage.
GhersettiM.JohanssonB. (2021). To publish or not to publish? Assessing journalism ethics in news about a terrorist attack. Journalism Studies, 22(13), 1814–1831. https://doi.org/10.1080/1461670X.2021.1971104
16.
HenkelI.ThurmanN.DeffnerV. (2019). Comparing journalism cultures in Britain and Germany: Confrontation, contextualization, conformity. Journalism Studies, 20(14), 1995–2013. https://doi.org/10.1080/1461670X.2018.1551067
17.
HillD. (2023). Campus coverage of an execution: A narrative analysis. Journalism & Mass Communication Educator, 78(2), 183–198. https://doi.org/10.1177/10776958221150309
LanosgaG.WillnatL.WeaverD. H.HoustonB. (2017). A breed apart? A comparative study of investigative journalists and US journalists. Journalism Studies, 18(3), 265–287. https://doi.org/10.1080/1461670X.2015.1051570
22.
MarkovikjM.SerafimovskaE. (2023). Mental health resilience in the journalism curriculum. Journalism and Mass Communication Educator, 78(2), 233–250. https://doi.org/10.1177/10776958231153260
23.
MelladoC. (2015). Professional roles in news content: Six dimensions of journalistic role performance. Journalism Studies, 16(4), 596–614. https://doi.org/10.1080/1461670X.2014.9.22276
24.
MelladoC., et al. (2013). The pre-socialization of future journalists: An examination of journalism students’ professional views in seven countries. Journalism Studies, 14(6), 857–874. https://doi.org/10.1080/1461670X.2012.746006
25.
MillerK. C.DahmenN. (2020). “This is still their lives”: Photojournalists’ ethical approach to capturing and publishing graphic or shocking images. Journal of Media Ethics, 35(1), 17–30. https://doi.org/10.1080/23736992.2020.1731313
26.
PaulyJ. J. (1991). A beginner’s guide to doing qualitative research in mass communication. Journalism Monographs, 125, 1–29.
PetersenT. G. (2025). Covering Parkland: How reporters cope with living through a school shooting. Florida Communication Journal, 50(2), 43–65.
30.
PetersenT. G.SoundararajanS. (2020). Covering Pulse: Understanding the lived experience of journalists who covered a mass shooting. The Qualitative Report, 25(1), 74–87. https://doi.org/10.46743/2160-3715/2020.4018
31.
ReaderB. (2006). Distinctions that matter: Ethical differences at large and small newspapers. Journalism and Mass Communication Quarterly, 83(4), 851–864. https://doi.org/10.1177/107769900608300408
32.
ShilpaK.KumariA.BiswalS. K. (2023). Exploring trauma literacy quotient among Indian journalists and a way forward in post-pandemic era: A case study of India. Journalism and Mass Communication Educator, 78(2), 267–288. https://doi-org.portal.lib.fit.edu/10.1177/10776958231161889
33.
Society of Professional Journalists. (2014). SPJ code of ethics. Society of Professional Journalists. https://www.spj.org/ethicscode.asp
34.
SteedL. G.DowningR. (1998). A phenomenological study of vicarious traumatisation amongst psychologists and professional counsellors working in the field of sexual abuse/assault. The Australasian Journal of Disaster and Trauma Studies, 2(2). https://www.massey.ac.nz/~trauma/issues/1998-2/steed.htm
35.
StoutD. A. (2004). Secularization and the religious audience: A study of Mormons and Las Vegas media. Mass Communication and Society, 7(1), 61–75. https://doi.org/10.1207/s15327825mcs0701_5
Walsh-ChildersK.LewisN. P.NeelyJ. (2011). Listeners, not Leeches: What Virginia Tech survivors needed from journalists. Journal of Mass Media Ethics, 26, 191–205. https://doi.org/10.1080/08900523.2011.581976
38.
WeaverD. H.WillnatL.WilhoitG. C. (2019). The American journalist in the digital age: Another look at the U.S. news people. Journalism and Mass Communication Quarterly, 96(1), 101–130. https://doi.org/10.1177/1077699018778242
XiongY.LiaoS. (2024). Thriving after trauma in emotional livelihood journalism in China: Vicarious exposure to trauma and vicarious post-traumatic growth among journalists. Journalism, 25(6), 1401–1421. https://doi-org.portal.lib.fit.edu/10.1177/14648849231183513