Acute Kidney Injury Incidence With Bayesian Dosing Software Versus 2-Level First-Order Area Under the Curve–Based Dosing of Vancomycin With Piperacillin-Tazobactam

Background: Two methods of area under the curve (AUC) dosing are recommended in vancomycin consensus guidelines: first-order calculations utilizing 2 vancomycin concentrations or a Bayesian approach. It is unknown if there is a difference in acute kidney injury (AKI) between the 2 dosing strategies for patients receiving concomitant piperacillin-tazobactam and vancomycin (VPT). Objective: The objective of this study was to compare incidence of AKI in patients being administered VPT with first-order calculations versus model-informed precision dosing (MIPD)/Bayesian dosing. Methods: This was a single-center, retrospective, observational study at a community hospital. Patients who received VPT therapy for at least 48 hours were included. The primary outcome was overall incidence of AKI. Secondary outcomes included percentage target attainment with initial regimen, average serum creatinine increase, time to AKI, usable vancomycin levels, and need for temporary dialysis or intensive care unit admission. Results: There were 100 patients included (50 in the first-order group and 50 in the MIPD/Bayesian group). The overall incidence of AKI was lower in the MIPD/Bayesian group (12% vs 28%, P = 0.046). There was no difference in average serum creatinine increase, time to AKI, need for temporary dialysis, or intensive care unit admission. Patients in the MIPD/Bayesian group had a higher percentage of target attainment (46% vs 18%, P = 0.003) and usable vancomycin levels (98% vs 60%, P < 0.001). Conclusion and Relevance: In patients receiving VPT, model-informed precision dosing with Bayesian modeling resulted in a lower rate of AKI, higher target attainment, and more usable vancomycin levels compared with first-order AUC dosing. The small sample and retrospective nature of this study reinforces the need for additional data.