Abstract
In diagnostic ultrasound examinations, transducer “health” is key to diagnostic efficacy. It is known that individual transducer element integrity within an array is central to overall probe performance and over time, with normal use, elements can cease working or lose sensitivity, leading to a potentially negative impact on the clinical efficacy of the ultrasound examination. Investigating this issue, the authors evaluated transducers with selected elements disabled compared to fully functioning arrays, examined how dead elements affected ultrasound beams, acoustic parameters, flow phantom/tissue phantom results as well as human imaging. Results: As few as 2 consecutive dead elements can materially impact the beam profile; four or more can significantly reduce resolution and penetration, increase the noise floor, and cause Doppler peak velocity errors, flow ambiguity and spectral broadening. Tissue phantoms proved to be equivocal in spotting defective elements. Conclusion: array heath is critical to high-quality, efficacious ultrasound studies and the potential for misdiagnosis increases as array elements degrade.