Defect free friction stir welding of pure copper plates was conducted in air condition at a rotation speed of 1600 rev min−1 and traverse speeds of 50 and 100 mm min−1. The microstructural and mechanical properties of defect free joints produced in air and underwater conditions were compared. The results revealed that a finer microstructure can be achieved by underwater friction stir welding. The hardness of joints welded in both conditions was higher compared to the base metal. Moreover, in comparison with the base metal, the joints welded in air and underwater conditions exhibited lower and higher tensile properties respectively.
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