Porosity formation mechanisms in cold metal transfer (CMT) gas metal arc welding (GMAW) of zinc coated steels

The porosity formation in cold metal transfer (CMT) gas metal arc welding (GMAW) of zinc coated steel is studied over a wide range of the heat inputs (160–250 J mm^− 1), which shows low porosity in weld bead ( < 2% of bead area) in low ( < 250 J mm^− 1) and high (>350 J mm^− 1) heat inputs and maximum at medium (250–350 J mm^− 1) heat inputs. The high speed imaging of weld pool shows that the highest frequency of zinc vapour escapes at high heat inputs compared to other conditions. Numerous experiments show that size and location of pores along with escaping of zinc vapour are the results of competition of viscosity of weld pool against buoyancy and vapour pressure within the time required to reach solidification temperature. Based on this concept, mechanisms involved in porosity formation, growth and escape phenomena are disclosed, which can help select the optimised welding conditions to obtain porosity free welds in CMT-GMAW of zinc coated steels.