New Developments in Tooth Whitening. The Current Status of External Bleaching in Orthodontics

Abstract

This article provides a contemporary view of external tooth whitening procedures currently available, with particular reference to bleaching. The various techniques and products are described, with their advantages, disadvantages, mode of action and the current legal stand-point discussed. The results of a British Orthodontic Society survey of Specialist and Practitioner Groups regarding current usage patterns of tooth whitening products are presented.

Keywords

tooth whitening bleaching orthodontics

Get full access to this article

View all access options for this article.

References

Qualtrough

, Burke

A look at dental esthetics. Quintessence Int 1994; 25: 7–14.

Alkhatib

, Holt

, Bedi

Prevalence of self-assessed tooth discolouration in the United Kingdom. J Dent 2004; 32: 561–66.

Watts

, Addy

Tooth discolouration and staining: a review of the literature. Br Dent J 2001; 190: 309–16.

Tovati

, Miara

, Nathanson

Esthetic Dentistry and Ceramic Restorations. London: Martin Dunitz Ltd, 1999.

Hasson

, Ismail

, Neiva

Home-based chemically-induced whitening of teeth in adults. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2006, CD006202.

Cubbon

, Ore

Hard tissue and home tooth whiteners. CDS Rev 1991; 84: 32–35.

Fischer

Is there a future for the dentist supervised tray tooth bleaching?

Rest Aesth Prac 2000; 2: 72–75.

Fischer

The need for dentist supervision when tooth bleaching. Rest Aesth Prac 2000; 2: 98–99.

Haywood

, Heymann

Nightguard vital bleaching. Quintessence Int 1989; 20: 173–76.

10.

Leonard

Jr. Nightguard vital bleaching: dark stains and long-term results. Compend Contin Educ Dent 2000; 21(Suppl 28): S18–S27; quiz S48.

11.

Christensen

Bleaching teeth: practitioner trends. J Am Dent Assoc 1997; 128(Suppl): 16S–18S.

12.

Garber

Dentist-monitored bleaching: a discussion of combination and laser bleaching. J Am Dent Assoc 1997; 128(Suppl): 26S–30S.

13.

Toh

Clinical evaluation of a dual-activated bleaching system. Asian J Aesthet Dent 1993; 1: 65–70.

14.

Tam

Vital tooth bleaching: review and current status. J Can Dent Assoc 1992; 58: 654–55, 659–60, 663.

15.

Barghi

Making a clinical decision for vital tooth bleaching: at-home or in-office?

Compend Contin Educ Dent 1998; 19: 831–38; quiz 840.

16.

Haywood

Achieving, maintaining, and recovering successful tooth bleaching. J Esthet Dent 1996; 8: 31–38.

17.

Bowles

, Thompson

Vital bleaching: the effects of heat and hydrogen peroxide on pulpal enzymes. J Endod 1986; 12: 108–12.

18.

Bowles

, Ugwuneri

Pulp chamber penetration by hydrogen peroxide following vital bleaching procedures. J Endod 1987; 13: 375–77.

19.

Goldstein

In-office bleaching: where we came from, where we are today. J Am Dent Assoc 1997; 128(Suppl): 11S–15S.

20.

Haywood

Treating sensitivity during tooth whitening. Compend Contin Educ Dent 2005; 26: 11–20.

21.

Haywood

, Leonard

, Nelson

, Brunson

Effectiveness, side effects and long-term status of night-guard vital bleaching. J Am Dent Assoc 1994; 125: 1219–26.

22.

Nathanson

Vital tooth bleaching: sensitivity and pulpal considerations. J Am Dent Assoc 1997; 128(Suppl): 41S–44S.

23.

Thitinanthapan

, Satamanont

, Vongsavan

In vitro penetration of the pulp chamber by three brands of carbamide peroxide. J Esthet Dent 1999; 11: 259–64.

24.

Bartlett

, Ide

Dealing with sensitive teeth. Prim Dent Care 1999; 6: 25–27.

25.

Leonard

Jr. Efficacy, longevity, side effects, and patient perceptions of nightguard vital bleaching. Compend Contin Educ Dent 1998; 19: 766–70, 772, 774, passim.

26.

Knosel

, Attin

, Becker

, Attin

External bleaching effect on the color and luminosity of inactive white-spot lesions after fixed orthodontic appliances. Angle Orthod 2007; 77: 646–52.

27.

Donly

Critical appraisal: tooth whitening in children and adolescents. J Esthet Restor Dent 2005; 17: 380–83.

28.

Basting

, Rodrigues

Jr , Serra

. The effect of 10% carbamide peroxide, carbopol and/or glycerin on enamel and dentin microhardness. Oper Dent 2005; 30: 608–16.

29.

Basting

, Fernandez

YFC

, Ambrosano

, de Campos

. Effects of a 10% carbamide peroxide bleaching agent on roughness and microhardness of packable composite resins. J Esthet Restor Dent 2005; 17: 256–62; discussion 263.