Digital image correlation for grain scale strain measurement in interstitial free high strength steel

Abstract

Deformation measurement of materials and structures subjected to various loading conditions is an important task of experimental solid mechanics. Apart from the widely used point wise strain gauge technique, various full field non-contact optical methods are used for this purpose. In this work, an automated scheme to measure the grain level deformation in tensile deformed interstitial free high strength steel has been introduced. The method is based on digital image correlation technique. The proposed scheme utilised high resolution scanning electron images of the specimen surface that are sequentially captured during tensile loading. It is found that grain to grain there is large variation in deformation response at a given load. The present work also reveals point to point variation of strain within a grain interior.

Keywords

Image correlation Strain measurement Grain segmentation Micrograph processing IFHS steel

Get full access to this article

View all access options for this article.

References

Hashimoto

and Margolin

: ‘The role of elastic interaction stresses on the onset of slip in polycrystalline alpha brass-I Experimental determination of operating slip systems and qualitative analysis’, Acta Metall., 1983, 31, 773–785. doi: 10.1016/0001-6160(83)90093-7

Musienko

, Tatschl

, Schmidegg

, Kolednik

, Pippan

and Cailletaud

: ‘Three-dimensional finite element simulation of a polycrystalline copper specimen’, Acta Mater., 2007, 55, 4121–4136. doi: 10.1016/j.actamat.2007.01.053

Kamaya

, Kawamura

and Kitamura

: ‘Three-dimensional local stress analysis on grain boundaries in polycrystalline material’, Int. J. Solids Struct., 2007, 44, 3267–3277. doi: 10.1016/j.ijsolstr.2006.09.020

Raabe

, Sachtleber

, Zhao

, Roters

and Zaefferer

: ‘Micromechanical and macromechanical effects in grain scale polycrystal plasticity experimentation and simulation’, Acta Mater., 2001, 49, 3433–3441. doi: 10.1016/S1359-6454(01)00242-7

Makarov

P. V.

, Schmauder

, Cherepanov

O. I.

, Yu

, Smolin

V. A.

, Ramanova

R. R.

, Balokhonov

, Saraev

Yu.

, Soppa

, Kizler

, Fischer

, Hu

and Ludwig

: ‘Simulation of elastic-plastic deformation and fracture of materials at micro-, meso- and macro levels’, Theor. Appl. Fract. Mech., 2001, 37, 183–244. doi: 10.1016/S0167-8442(01)00078-7

Rusinko

: ‘Non-classical problems of irreversible deformation in terms of the synthetic theory, Acta Polytech’, Hung, 2010, 7, (3), 25–62.

Gunel

E. M.

and Basaran

: ‘Micro-deformation mechanisms in thermoformed alumina trihydrate reinforced poly (methyl methacrylate)’, Mater. Sci. Eng. A, 2009, A523, 160–172. doi: 10.1016/j.msea.2009.05.064

Kurzydlowski

K. J.

: ‘Microstructural refinement and properties of metals processed by severe plastic deformation’, Bull. Pol. Acad. Tech. Sci., 2004, 52, (4)

Okipnyi

, Maruschak

, Sorochak

and Sergejev

: ‘Measurement of deformation hardening of heat-resistant steel of the WWER-type reactor’, Proc. 8th Int. DAAAM Baltic Conf. on ‘Industrial engineering, Tallinn, Estonia, April 2012, DAAAM Baltic, Tallinn University of Technology, 694–699.

10.

Piwnik

and Mogielnicki

: ‘Deformations in micro extrusion of metals’, Arch. Foundry Eng., 2010, 10, (3), 87–90.

11.

Pradhan

P. K.

, Dash

P. R.

, Robi

P. S.

and Roy

S. K.

: ‘Micro void coalescence of ductile fracture in mild steel during tensile straining’, Frattura ed Integrità Strutturale, 2012, 19, 51–60.

12.

Qian

, Xie

and Asundil

: ‘Two dimensional digital image correlation for inplane displacement and strain measurement: a review’, Meas. Sci. Technol., 2009, 20, (6)

13.

Ulstad

M. S.

: ‘An algorithm for estimating small scale differences between two digital images’, Pattern Recognit., 1973, 5, (4), 323–333. doi: 10.1016/0031-3203(73)90024-1

14.

Sjodahl

: ‘Electronic speckle photography: Increased accuracy by non integral pixel shifting’, Appl. Opt., 1994, 33, (28), 6667–6673. doi: 10.1364/AO.33.006667

15.

Cintron

and Saouma

: ‘Strain measurements with the digital image correlation system Vic 2d’, ‘Technical report, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO, USA’; 2008.

16.

Rugg

: ‘Materials for future gas turbine applications’, Mater. Sci. Technol., 2014, 30, (15), 1848–1852. doi: 10.1179/1743284714Y.0000000609

17.

Davenport

J. R.

, Mendez-Garcia

, Purkayastha

, Hancock

M. E.

, Stearn

R. J.

and Clegg

W. J.

: ‘Material needs for turbine sealing at high temperature’, Mater. Sci. Technol., 2014, 30, (15), 1877–1883. doi: 10.1179/1743284714Y.0000000527

18.

Kang

: ‘Microscopic strain mapping based on digital image correlation’, Int. Cong. Expo. on Experimental and Applied Mechanics, Society for Experimental Mechanics, Orlando, FL, USA; 2008.

19.

Gom

: ‘Aramis-deformation measurement using the grating method’, User's Manual, V5.3.0-8, Braunschweig, Germany; 2003.

20.

Cao

, Bi

, Wei

and Xie

: ‘Determination of poissons ratio of kraft paper using digital image correlation’, Mech. Eng. Technol. Adv. Intell. Soft Comput., 2012, 125, 51–57. doi: 10.1007/978-3-642-27329-2_8

21.

Kass

, Witkin

and Terzopoulous

: ‘Snakes: active contour models’, Int. J. Comput. Vision, 1988, 1, (4), 321–331. doi: 10.1007/BF00133570

22.

McInerney

and Terzopoulous

: ‘T-snake: Topology adaptive snakes’, Med. Image Anal., 2000, 4, (2), 73–91. doi: 10.1016/S1361-8415(00)00008-6

23.

Beucher

and Lantuéj

: ‘Use of watershed in contour detection’, Int. Workshop on ‘Image processing, real-time edge and motion detection’, Rennes, France, 1979. Available at: http://cmm.ensmp.fr/beucher/publi/watershed.pdf.

24.

Meyer

and Beucher

: ‘Morphological segmentation’, J. Visual Commun. Image Represent., 1990, 1, (1), 21–46. doi: 10.1016/1047-3203(90)90014-M

25.

Beucher

: ‘The watershed transformation applied to image segmentation’, Scanning Microsc., 1992, 299–314.

26.

Couprie

and Bertrand

: ‘Topological grayscale watershed transform’, SPIE Vision Geom. Proc., 1997, 3168, 136–146. doi: 10.1117/12.292778

27.

Couprie

, Najman

and Bertrand

: ‘Algorithms for the topological watershed’, Proc. Int. Conf. on ‘Discrete geometry for computer imagery, Poitiers, France, April 2005; Springer, 172–182.

28.

Bertrand

: ‘On topological watersheds’, J. Math. Imaging Vision, 2005, 22, (2-3), 217–230. doi: 10.1007/s10851-005-4891-5

29.

Chanda

and Majumder

D. D.

: ‘Digital image processing and analysis’; 2009, New York, Prentice Hall India.

30.

Gonzalez

R. C.

and Woods

R. E.

: ‘Digital image processing’; 1992, Upper Saddle, NJ, Prentice Hall.

31.

Stoshi

, Kazuhiro

, Yanada

, Minami

, Kimura

and Ikeda

: ‘Direct drawing method for microfabrication based on selective metal plating technology’, Sens. Actuators A, 103A, 2003, 135, 142.

32.

Jacobsen

S. C.

, Wells

D. L.

, Davis

C. C.

and Wood

J. E.

: ‘Fabrication of micro-structures using non-planar lithography (NPL)’, Proc. MEMS’91, Nara, Japan, January 1991, IEEE. 74–79.

33.

Beuret

, Racine

G. A.

, Gobet

, Luthier

and Rooij

N. F.

: ‘Microfabrication of multidirectional inclined structure by uv lithography and electroplating’, Proc. MEMS'94, Oiso, Japan, January 1994, IEEE, 81–85.

34.

Konishi

, Honsho

and Sugiyama

: ‘Direct drawing for micro-fabrication without photolithography’, Proc. MEMS'99, Florida, USA, January 1999, IEEE, 194–199.

35.

Tschopp

M. A.

, Bartha

B. B.

, Porter

W. J.

, Murry

P. T.

and Fairchild

S. B.

: ‘Microstructure dependent local strain behaviour in polycrystals through in-situ scanning electron microscope tensile experiments’, Metall. Mater. Trans. A, 2009, 40A, (10), 2363–2368. doi: 10.1007/s11661-009-9938-6

36.

Ghadbeigi

, Pinna

and Celotto

: ‘Quantitative strain analysis of the large deformation at the scale of microstructure: comparison between digital image correlation and microgrid techniques’, Exp. Mech., 2012, 52, (9), 1483–1492. doi: 10.1007/s11340-012-9612-6