Surface functionalisation of carbon nanotubes (CNTs) provides possibility of employing them in the biomedical industry as drug/growth factor carriers improving healing of a patient after injury. Carbon nanotubes are also very perspective nanomaterials as reinforcement in composites because of their mechanical properties. In the present work, single wall CNTs (SWCNTs), single wall/double wall (SW/DWCNTs) and multiwall CNTs (MWCNTs) functionalised with –COOH, –OH and –NH2 groups were tested as ion carriers in electrodeposition and as reinforcements in the composite calcium phosphate coatings. In our research, new composite coatings with Ca/P ratios ranging from 1·0 to 1·50 were obtained during electrodeposition in electrolytic solutions containing –COOH functionalised SWCNTs and MWCNTs. Amorphous calcium phosphates were fabricated in electrolytic solutions containing –NH2 functionalised MWCNTs, while no coating was fabricated in electrolytes containing –OH functionalised SW/DWCNTs. The structure and kind of functionalised groups of CNTs had an influence on the type, morphology and thickness of electrodeposited calcium phosphate coatings.
DorozhkinS.: ‘Calcium orthophosphates in nature, biology and medicine’, Materials, 2009, 2, (2), 399–498.
2.
FernándezE., GilF. J., GinebraM. P., DriessensF. C. M., PlanellJ. A. and BestS. M.: ‘Calcium phosphate bone cements for clinical applications. Part I: solution chemistry’, J. Mater. Sci.: Mater. Med., 1999, 10, (3), 169–176.
3.
El-GhannamA.: ‘Bone reconstruction: from bioceramics to tissue engineering’, Expert Rev. Med. Devices, 2005, 2, (1), 87–101.
4.
JalotaS., BhaduriS. B. and TasA. C.: ‘In vitro testing of calcium phosphate (HA, TCP, and biphasic HA-TCP) whiskers’, J. Biomed. Mater. Res. A, 2006, 78, (3), 481–490.
5.
SuzukiT., HukkanenM., OhashiR., YokogawaY., NishizawaK., NagataF., ButteryL. and PolakJ.: ‘Growth and adhesion of osteoblast-like cells derived from neonatal rat calvaria on calcium phosphate ceramics’, J. Biosci. Bioeng., 2000, 89, (1), 18–26.
6.
LahiriD., GhoshS. and AgarwalA.: ‘Carbon nanotube reinforced hydroxyapatite composite for orthopedic application: a review’, Mater. Sci. Eng. C, 2012, 32, (7), 1727–1758.
7.
ChewK. K., LowK. L., Sharif ZeinS. H., McPhailD. S., RoetherJ. A. and BoccacciniA. R.: ‘Reinforcement of calcium phosphate cement with multi-walled carbon nanotubes and bovine serum albumin for injectable bone substitute applications’, J. Mech. Behav. Biomed. Mater., 2011, 4, (3), 331–339.
8.
AokiN., YokoyamaA., NodasakaY., AkasakaT., UoM., SatoY., TohjiK. and WatariF.: ‘Carbon nanotubes deposited on titanium implant for osteoblast attachment’, J. Bionanosci., 2007, 1, (1), 14–16.
9.
PanC., DongY. and JandtK. D.: ‘Grafting carbon nanotubes on titanium surface for osteoblast cell adhesion and growth’, J. Biomater. Nanobiotechnol., 2012, 3, (3), 353–361.
10.
DumortierH., LacotteS., PastorinG., MaregaR., WuW., BonifaziD., BriandJ.-P., PratoM., MullerS. and BiancoA.: ‘Functionalized carbon nanotubes are non-cytotoxic and preserve the functionality of primary immune cells’, Nano Lett., 2006, 6, (7), 1522–1528.
11.
PantarottoD., BriandJ.-P., PratoM. and BiancoA.: ‘Translocation of bioactive peptides across cell membranes by carbon nanotubes’, Chem. Commun., 2004, (1), 16–17.
12.
ZhangZ., YangX., ZhangY., ZengB., WangS., ZhuT., RodenR. B., ChenY. and YangR.: ‘Delivery of telomerase reverse transcriptase small interfering RNA in complex with positively charged single-walled carbon nanotubes suppresses tumor growth’, Clin. Cancer Res., 2006, 12, (16), 4933–4939.
13.
BalaniK., AndersonR., LahaT., AndaraM., TerceroJ., CrumplerE. and AgarwalA.: ‘Plasma-sprayed carbon nanotube reinforced hydroxyapatite coatings and their interaction with human osteoblasts in vitro’, Biomaterials, 2007, 28, (4), 618–624.
SunL. and CrooksR. M.: ‘Single carbon nanotube membranes: a well-defined model for studying mass transport through nanoporous materials’, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 2000, 122, (49), 12340–12345.
17.
HummerG., RasaiahJ. C. and NoworytaJ. P.: ‘Water conduction through the hydrophobic channel of a carbon nanotube’, Nature, 2001, 414, (6860), 188–190.
18.
CorryB.: ‘Designing carbon nanotube membranes for efficient water desalination’, J. Phys. Chem. B, 2007, 112, (5), 1427–1434.
19.
JosephS., MashlR. J., JakobssonE. and AluruN. R.: ‘Electrolytic transport in modified carbon nanotubes’, Nano Lett., 2003, 3, (10), 1399–1403.
20.
CorryB.: ‘Water and ion transport through functionalised carbon nanotubes: implications for desalination technology’, Energy Environ. Sci., 2011, 4, (3), 751–759.
21.
GopiD., ShinyjoyE., SekarM., SurendiranM., KavithaL. and Sampath KumarT. S.: ‘Development of carbon nanotubes reinforced hydroxyapatite composite coatings on titanium by electrodeposition method’, Corros. Sci., 2013, 73, 321–330.
22.
HanG. S., LeeS., KimD. W., KimD. H., NohJ. H., ParkJ. H., RoyS., AhnT. K. and JungH. S.: ‘A simple method to control morphology of hydroxyapatite nano- and microcrystals by altering phase transition route’, Cryst. Growth Des., 2013, 13, (8), 3414–3418.
23.
ZhaoB., HuH., MandalS. K. and HaddonR. C.: ‘A bone mimic based on the self-assembly of hydroxyapatite on chemically functionalized single-walled carbon nanotubes’, Chem. Mater., 2005, 17, (12), 3235–3241.
WilsonR. M., ElliotJ. C. and DowkerS. E. P.: ‘Rietveld refinement of the crystallographic structure of human dental enamel apatites’, Am. Mineral., 1999, 84, 1406–1414.
26.
SchofieldP. F., KnightK. S., van der HouwenJ. A. M. and Valsami-JonesE.: ‘The role of hydrogen bonding in the thermal expansion and dehydration of brushite, di-calcium phosphate dihydrate’, Phys Chem Min., 2004, 31, (9), 606–624.
27.
WyckoffR. W. G.: ‘Second edition. Interscience Publishers, New York, New York. Hexagonal closest packed, hcp, structure’, Cryst. Struct., 1963, 1, 7–83.
28.
AtiehM. A., BakatherO. Y., Al-TawbiniB., BukhariA. A., AbuilaiwiF. A. and FettouhiM. B.: ‘Effect of carboxylic functional group functionalized on carbon nanotubes surface on the removal of lead from water’, Bioinorg. Chem. Appl., 2010, 2010, 9.
29.
McPhailM. R., SellsJ. A., HeZ. and ChusueiC. C.: ‘Charging nanowalls: adjusting the carbon nanotube isoelectric point via surface functionalization’, J. Phys. Chem. C, 2009, 113, (32), 14102–14109.
30.
ZhangD., PanB., WuM., WangB., ZhangH., PengH., WuD. and NingP.: ‘Adsorption of sulfamethoxazole on functionalized carbon nanotubes as affected by cations and anions’, Environ. Pollut., 2011, 159, (10), 2616–2621.
31.
LeeS., ZhangZ., WangX., PfefferleL. D. and HallerG. L.: ‘Characterization of multi-walled carbon nanotubes catalyst supports by point of zero charge’, Catal. Today, 2011, 164, (1), 68–73.
32.
VukovićG. D., MarinkovićA. D., ŠkapinS. D., RistićM. Đ., AleksićR., Perić-GrujićA. A. and UskokovićP. S.: ‘Removal of lead from water by amino modified multi-walled carbon nanotubes’, Chem. Eng. J., 2011, 173, (3), 855–865.
33.
ZhangT. C. and SurampalliR. Y.: ‘Introduction’, in ‘Nanotechnologies for water environment applications’ (ed. ZhangT. C., et al.,., 1–13; 2009, Reston, VA, American Society of Civil Engineers.
34.
OrinˇákováR. and OrinˇákA.: ‘Recent applications of carbon nanotubes in hydrogen production and storage’, Fuel, 2011, 90, (11), 3123–3140.
