Evaluation on the production of pulp from oil palm trunk (OPT) using microorganism was investigated based on pulp yield, screened pulp yield, kappa number and strength of the paper produced. The fungi used were Aspergillus sp., fungal strain from rubberwood and white rot fungi. Fungal growth was measured in radial extension of the mycelium. The OPT chips were exposed to various fungi between 9 and 36 days and then the chips were pulped mechanically. Pulp yield and screened pulp yield decreased as the exposure time to microorganism increased. However, the kappa number became lower after longer exposure, while the paper strength increased. Micromorphological structure of wood chips and pulp produced were analysed using SEM. It was found that these fungal species were well colonised in OPT chips especially in vessel elements. The reaction time and fungal species were in general relative to the properties and yield of the resultant pulps.
BiermannCJ. 1993. Essentials of pulping and papermaking. San Diego, CA; Academic Press, 50–54.
4.
BreenA, SingletonFL. 1999. Fungi in lignocellulose breakdown and biopulping.Curr. Opin. Biotechnol. 10: 252–258.
5.
DavisDS. 1929. Freeness testing as an aid in pulp evaluation.Ind. Eng. Chem. 1: 47–49.
6.
ErikksonKE. 1987. Microbial delignification – basics, potential and application. In Aubert et al. 1987, 285–302.
7.
FerrazA, GuerraA, MendoncaR, MasarinF. 2008. Technological advances and mechanistic basis for fungal biopulping.Enzyme Microb. Technol. 43: 178–185.
8.
FarrellRL, BlanchetteRA, BrushTS, GysinB. 1992. Cartapip™: a biopulping product for control of pitch and resin acid problems in pulp mills. In Kuwahara and Shimada, 27.
9.
ForneyLJ, ReddyCA, TienM, AustSD. 1982. The involvement of hydroxyl radical derived from hydrogen peroxide in lignin degradation by the white rot fungus Phanerochaeta chrysosporium.J. Biol. Chem. 257(11): 455–462.
10.
GuerraA, FerrazA, LuF, RalphJ. 2004. Structural characterization of lignin during Pinus taeda wood treatment with Ceriporiopsis subvermispora.Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 70: 4073–4078.
11.
HighleyTL, DashekWV. 1998. Biotechnology in the study of brown and white rot decay. In Bruce and Palfreyman 1998, 20.
12.
JohnsrudSC, FernandezN, LopezP, GuitierrezI, SaezA, ErikssonK.-E. 1987. Properties of fungal pretreated high yield bagasse pulps.Nord. Pulp Pap. Res. J. 2: 47.
13.
KirkTK. 1984. Degradation of lignin. In Gibson 1984, 399–437.
14.
MendoncaR, GuerraA, FerrazA. 2002. Delignification of Pinus taeda wood chips treated with Ceriporiopsis subvermispora for preparing high-yield kraft pulps.J. Chem. Technol. Biotechnol. 77: 411–418.
15.
MessnerK, SrebotnikE. 1994. Biopulping: an overview of developments in an environmentally safe papermaking technology.FEMS Microbiol. Rev. 13: 351–364.
16.
SuleLA Mott, SulemanA, MatthewsR. 1997. Optimising the pulping of oil palm empty fruit bunch material. Utilisation of Oil Palm Tree. Oil Palm Residues: In. Ed. J. Harun ALA, A. Abdul Aziz, K.C. Khoo, N.Y. Mohd. Yunus, P. Md. Tahir, F. Abood, M.N. Mohd. Yusof, M. Husin, Editors, Progress Towards Commercialization: Oil Palm Treee Utilization Committee (OPTUC). 131–140: 1997.
17.
MyersGC, LeathamGF, WegnerTH, BlanchetteRA. 1988. Fungal pretreatment of aspen chips improve strength of refiner mechanical pulp.Tappi J.71: 105–108.
18.
OggianoN, AngeliniLG, CappellettoP. 1997. Pulping and paper properties of some fibre crops.Ind. Crops Prod. 7: 59–67
19.
ScottGM, AkhtarM, LentzMJ, KirkTK, SwaneyRE. 1998. New technology for papermaking: commercializing biopulping.Tappi J.81: 220–222.
20.
SethuramanA, AkinDE, ErikssonKEL. 1998. Plant-cell-wall-degrading enzymes produced by the white-rot fungus Ceriporiopsis subvermispora.Biotechnol. Appl. Biochem. 27: 37–47.
21.
SumathiS, ChaiSP, MohamedAR. 2008. Utilization of oil palm as a source of renewable energy in Malaysia.Renew. Sustain. Energy Rev. 12(9): 2404–2421.
22.
SykesM. 1993. Bleaching and brightness stability of aspen biomechanical pulps.Tappi J.76: 121–126.
23.
TAPPI Test Methods 1994. Test Method T 236 cm-85: Kappa number of pulp. Atlanta, GA: Tappi Press.
24.
TAPPI Test Methods 1994. Test Method T 227 om-92: Freeness of pulp. Atlanta, GA: Tappi Press.
25.
TAPPI Test Methods 1994. Test Method T 251 cm-85: Air permeability of porous paper, fabrics and pulp handsheets. Atlanta, GA: Tappi Press.
26.
TAPPI Test Methods 1994. Test Method T 452 om-92: Brightness of pulp, paper and paper board. Atlanta, GA: Tappi Press.
27.
TAPPI Test Methods 1994. Test Method T 403 om-91: Bursting strength of paper. Atlanta, GA: Tappi Press.
28.
TAPPI Test Methods 1994. Test Method T 404 cm-92: Tensile breaking strength and elongation of paper and paperboard. Atlanta, GA: Tappi Press.
29.
TAPPI Test Methods 1994. Test Method T 414 om-88: Internal tearing resistance of paper. Atlanta, GA: Tappi Press.
30.
YaverDS, FengX, GolightlyEJ, BrownKM, BrownSH, ReyMW, SchneiderP, HalkierT, MondorfK, DalbogeH. 1996. Purification, characterization, molecular cloning and expression of two lactase genes from the white rot basidiomycete Tramefes villose.Appl. Environ. Microbial. 62: 834–841.
