The effect of additions of TiO2 and SnO2 on the tetragonal phase of the ZrO2–Y2O3 system has been investigated using complex impedance, X-ray, and transmission electron microscopy measurements. Neither addition acts to stabilize the tetragonal phase and SnO2 increases the specific grain boundary resistance by a factor of 3. Additions of Al2O3 improve the specific grain boundary conductivity of GPR (general purpose reagent) grade material to a level comparable to that of commercially available grades of tetragonal zirconia.
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