Protective oxide scales on superalloys and coatings used in gas turbine blade and vane applications

Abstract

The materials used for blade and vane applications in aero gas turbines are outlined and the mechanisms via which environmental degradation occurs are discussed with reference to Al₂O₃₋ and Cr₂O₃₋ forming alloys and coatings. The consequences of environmental degradation on the integrity of turbine blades and vanes are discussed with reference to component lifetimes and performance.

MST/885

Get full access to this article

View all access options for this article.

References

DRIVER

D. L.

, HALL

D. W.

, and MEETHAM

G. W.

: ‘The development of gas turbine materials’, 1-30; 1981, Barking, Applied Science.

RAE

C. T.

: in ‘High temperature alloys for gas turbines’, (Conf. Proc.), 13-68; 1978, Barking, Applied Science.

VERSNYDER

F. L.

: in ‘High temperature alloys for gas turbines’, (Conf. Proc.), 1-52; 1982, Dordrecht, D. Reidel.

SIMS

C. T.

and HAGEL

w. c.

(eds.): ‘The superalloys’; 1972, New York, John Wiley and Sons.

MEETHAM

G. W.

: ‘The development of gas turbine materials’; 1981, Barking, Applied Science.

STRINGER

: ‘Hot corrosion in gas turbines’, Report 72-08, Metals and Ceramic Information Center, Cleveland, OH, 1972.

RHYS-JONES

T. N.

and BETTRIDGE

D. F.

: in Proc. Conf. on ‘High temperature materials and processing techniques for structural applications’, Paris, France, Sept. 1987, ASM (Europe), (in press).

NICHOLLS

J. R.

and HANCOCK

: Ind. Corros., July 1987, 5, (4), 8–18.

MALIK

, MORBIOLI

, and HUBNER

: in ‘High temperature alloys for gas turbines’, (Conf. Proc.), 87-98; 1982, Dordrecht, D. Reidel.

10.

BURGEL

and KVERNES

: in ‘High temperature alloys for gas turbines and other applications’, (Conf. Proc.), 327-356; 1986, Dordrecht, D. Reidel.

11.

GOWARD

G. W.

: in ‘Source book on materials for elevated temperatures’, 369-386; 1979, Cleveland, OH, ASM.

12.

CONDE

J. F.

, ERODES

, and RAHMEL

: in ‘High temperature alloys for gas turbines’, (Conf. Proc.), 99-148; 1982, Dordrecht, D. Reidel.

13.

RHYS-JONES

T. N.

, NICHOLLS

J. R.

, and HANCOCK

: in Proc. Conf. ‘Eurocorr 87’, 215-221; 1987, Frankfurt, Dechema.

14.

HANCOCK

: Corros. Sci., 1982, 22, (1), 51–52.

15.

WRIGHT

I. G.

: ‘Oxidation of iron-, nickel- and cobalt-base alloys’, Report 72-07, Metals and Ceramic Information Center, Cleveland, OH, 1972.

16.

NICHOLL

A. R.

: in Proc. Course on ‘High temperature materials and coatings’, Finland, June 1984, Continuing Education Institute.

17.

WALLWORK

G. R.

and HED

A. Z.

: Oxid. Met., 1971, 3, (2), 171.

18.

STOTT

F. H.

, WOOD

G. E.

, and HOBBY

M. G.

: Oxid. Met., 1971, 3, (2), 103.

19.

WOOD

G. C.

and STOTT

F. H.

: Oxid. Met., 1971, 3, (4), 365.

20.

WALLWORK

G. R.

and HED

A. Z.

: Oxid. Met., 1971, 3, (3), 213.

21.

SMELZE

W. W.

: Oxid. Met., 1985, 23, (5/6), 274–279.

22.

WOOD

G. C.

: Oxid. Met., 1970,2, (1), 11.

23.

WHITTLE

D. P.

and STRINGER

: Philos Trans. R. Soc. (London), 1980, A295, 309.

24.

GIGGINS

C. S.

, KEAR

, PETTIT

F. S.

, and TIEN

: Metall. Trans., 1985, 5A, 1685.

25.

GOLIGHTLY

F. A.

, STOTT

F. H.

, and WOOD

G. C.

: Oxid. Met., 1976, 10, 163.

26.

GIGGINS

C. S.

and PETTIT

F. S.

: ‘Hot corrosion degradation of metals and alloys — a unified theory’, Report FR11545, Pratt and Whitney Aircraft, East Hartford, CT, 1979.

27.

GOEBEL

J. A.

, FELTON

F. J.

, and PETTIT

F. S.

: in Proc. Conf. on ‘Gas turbine materials in a marine environment’, Castine, ME, July 1974, Metals and Ceramic Information Center.

28.

RAPP

R. A.

and GOTO

K. S.

: in Proc. Symp. on ‘Fused salts’, (ed. Braunstein

and Selman

); 1979, Princeton, NJ, Electrochemical Society.

29.

F R.. REIS1NG and D. P. KRAUSE: Corrosion, 1974, 30, 513–521.

30.

STRINGER

: in Proc. Conf. on ‘Behaviour of high temperature alloys in aggressive environments’, 739-757; 1980, London, The Metals Society.

31.

RAPP

R. A.

and STROUD

w. P.

: Proc. Symp. on ‘High temperature halide chemistry’, (ed.

Hildenbrand

D. L.

and D. D.Cubicciotti),574-594;1978, Princeton,NJ,Electrochemical Society.

32.

CUTLER

A. J. B.

: J. Appl. Electrochem., 1971, 1, 19–26.

33.

JONES

R. L.

and GADOMSKE

S. T.

J. Electrochem. Soc., 1971, 124, 1641.

34.

JONES

R. L.

, STEARN

K. H.

, and GADOMSKI

S. T.

: in Proc. 3rd UK/US Conf. on ‘Gas turbine materials in a marine environment’, Bath, Sept. 1976, Ministry of Defence.

35.

JONES

R. L.

, STEARN

K. H.

, DEANHARDT

M. L.

, and HALLE

J. C.

: in Proc. 4th UK/US Conf. on ‘Gas turbine materials in a marine environment’, Annapolis, MD, June 1979, US Navy.

36.

GOEBEL

J. A.

and PETTIT

F. S.

: Metall. Trans., 1970, 1943, 3421.

37.

McKEE

O. w.

and ROMEO

: in 2nd US/UK Navy Conf. on ‘Gas turbine materials in a marine environment’, MCIC Report 75-27, Castine, ME, July 1974, US Navy.

38.

CONDE

J. F.

and McCREATH

C. G.

: in Proc. Conf. on ‘Behaviour of high temperature materials in aggressive environments’, 497-512; 1980, London, The Metals Society.

39.

HANCOCK

, HURST

R. C.

, JOHNSON

, and DAVIES

: in ‘Deposition and corrosion in gas turbines’, (ed. Hart

A. B.

and Cutler

A. J. B.

, 153-157; 1973, Barking, Applied Science.

40.

HANCOCK

and NICHOLLS

J. R.

: High Temp. Technol., Aug. 1982, 1, (1), 3–17.

41.

SPENGLF

C. J.

LEE

R. S. Y.

, and SHREIER

S. T.

in Proc. Conf. On ‘Advanced materials for alternative fuel capable directly fired heat engines’, Castine, ME, July/Aug. 1979, Electric Power Research Institute.

42.

BORNSTEIN

N. S.

and DeCRESCENTE

M. A.

: in 2nd US/UK Navy Conf. on ‘Gas turbine materials in a marine environment’, Castine, ME, July 1974, Metals and Ceramic Information Center.

43.

RHYS-JONES

T. N.

, NICHOLLS

J. R.

, and HANCOCK

: Corros. SCi., 1983, 2, (2), 139–149.

44.

HEFNER

W. J.

and LORDI

F. D.

: Report GER-3110A, General Electric, Cincinnati, OH, 1979.

45.

RHYS-JONES

T. N.

, NICHOLLS

J. R.

, and HANCOCK

: in Proc. Conf. on ‘Prediction of materials performance in plants operating with corrosive environments’, 289-311; 1987, Chichester, Ellis Horwood.

46.

RESTALL

J. E.

: in ‘Development of gas turbine materials’, (ed. Meetham

G. W.

), 259-293; 1981, Barking, Applied Science.

47.

GALSWORTHY

J. C.

, RESTALL

J. E.

, and BOOTH

G. C.

: in ‘High temperature alloys for gas turbines’, (Conf. Proc.), (ed. R. Brutenaud et al.), 207-235; 1982, Dordrecht, D. Reidel.

48.

HANCOCK

, MARIE

A. R. I.

, and NICHOLLS

J. R.

: in Proc. Conf. on ‘Advanced materials for alternative fuel capable directly fired heat engines’, Castine, ME, July/Aug. 1979, Electric Power Research Institute.

49.

RESTALL

J. E.

and STEPHENSON

D. J.

: in Proc. Int. Symp. On ‘High temperature corrosion’, Marseilles, France, July 1986, European Federation of Corrosion.

50.

WATT

R. M.

, ALLEN

J. L.

, BAINES

N. C.

, SIMONS

J. P.

, and GEORGE

: ‘A study of the effects of thermal barrier coating surface roughness on the boundary layer characteristics of gas turbine aerofoils’, Paper No. 87-GT-223, ASME, New York, NY, 1987.