To investigate the Holocene vegetation history and shoreline displacement along the southeastern Swedish coast, two radiocarbon dated pollen, macrofossil and mineral magnetic sequences were studied in the western Blekinge coast: Hunnemara Lake and Smygen Bay. Both pollen records show mosaic vegetation with grasslands, heaths and woodlands prior to 11 300 cal. BP. Pinus-dominated mixed forest was initially established by 11 000 cal. BP. By 10 000 cal. BP, mixed forest with higher species diversity was fully established. Expansion of broad-leaved trees began at about 8600 cal. BP, indicating the onset of the mid-Holocene thermal maximum in Scandinavia. Following the Ulmus decline-5800 cal. BP, the regional forest became much more open due to increased human disturbance. Both basins were isolated during the period of I1 300-11 000 cal. BP, and subsequently in contact with the Ancylus Lake between 10 700 and 9800 cal. BR Low abundance of brackish-water diatoms at Smygen suggests that this basin was connected with the Baltic Sea between 9800 and 8600 cal. BP, corresponding to the Early Littorina Sea phase. Hunnemara was isolated during this period. The two basins were in turn flooded at 8600 and 8300 cal. BP, as a result of global sea-level rise. A sedimentary hiatus (8300-7500 cal. BP) was present at Hunnemara, probably caused by a rapid sea-level rise related to global meltwater pulse 3. Aquatic macrofossil and mineral magnetic proxies reveal several minor transgressions at both sites, probably regulated by centennial-scale variations in regional storminess. Hunnemara was isolated from the Baltic Basin by 3100 cal. BP, concurrent with a lowering of the sea level at Smygen.
Andersson, H.C.2002: Influence of long-term regional and large-scale atmospheric circulation on the Baltic sea-level . Tellus Series A54, 76-88 .
2.
Andren, E. , Andren, T. and Sohlenius, G.2000: The Holocene history of the southwestern Baltic Sea as reflected in a sediment core from the Bornholm Basin . Boreas29, 233-250 .
3.
Andren, T. , Lindeberg, G. and Andren, E.2002: Evidence of the final drainage of the Baltic Ice Lake and the brackish phase of the Yoldia Sea in glacial varves from the Baltic Sea . Boreas31, 226-238 .
4.
Bard, E. , Hamelin, B. , Arnold, M. , Montaggioni, L. , Cabioch, G. , Faure, G. and Rougerie, F.1996: Deglacial sea-level record from Tahiti corals and the timing of global meltwater discharge . Nature382, 241-244 .
5.
Battarbee, R.W.1986: Diatom analysis. In Berglund, B.E. , editor, Handbook of Holocene palaeoecology and palaeohydrology, Chichester: Wiley , 527-570.
6.
Berglund, B.E.1964: The post-glacial shore displacement in eastern Blekinge, southeastern Sweden . Sveriges Geologiska Undersokning C599, 47-47 pp.
7.
Berglund, B.E.1966: Late Quaternary vegetation in eastern Blekinge, southeastern Sweden-a pollen analytical study. II. Post-glacial time . Opera Botanica12(2), 1-190 .
8.
Berglund, B.E.1971: Littorina transgressions in Blekinge, south Sweden-a preliminary survey . Geologiska Foreningens i Stockholm Forhandlingar93, 625-652 .
9.
Berglund, B.E.2003: Human impact and climate changes-synchronous events and a causal link?Quaternary International105, 7-12 .
10.
Berglund, B.E. and Jasiewiczowa, M.R.1986: Pollen analysis and pollen diagrams. In Berglund, B.E. , editor, Handbook of Holocene palaeoecology and palaeohydrology, Chichester: Wiley , 455-484.
11.
Berglund, B.E. , Sandgren, P. , Barnekow, L. , Hannon, G. , Jiang, H. , Skog, G. and Yu, S.-Y.2005: Early Holocene history of the Baltic Sea, as reflected in coastal sediments in Blekinge, southeastern Sweden . Quaternary International130, 111-139 .
12.
Birks, C.J.A. and Ko,, N.2002: A high-resolution diatom record of late-Quaternary sea-surface temperatures and oceanographic conditions from the eastern Norwegian Sea . Boreas31, 323-344 .
13.
Birks, H.J.B. and Birks, H.H.1980: Quaternary palaeoecology. London: Edward Amold .
14.
Bjorck, S.1995: A review of the history of the Baltic Sea, 13.0-8.0 ka BP . Quaternary International27, 19-40 .
15.
Bjorck, S. , Kromer, B. , Johnsen, S. , Bennike, O. , Hammarlund, D. , Lemdahl, G. , Possnert, G. , Rasmussen, T.L. , Wohlfarth, B. , Hammer, C.U. and Spurk, M.1996: Synchronized terrestrial-atmospheric deglacial records around the North Atlantic . Science274, 1155-1160 .
16.
BjBrck, S. , Rundgren, M. , Ingolfsson, O. and Funder, S.1997: The Preboreal oscillation around the Nordic seas: terrestrial and lacustrine responses . Journal of Quaternary Science12, 455-465 .
17.
Blanchon, P. and Shaw, J.1995: Reef drowning during the last deglaciation: evidence for catastrophic sea-level rise and ice-sheet collapse . Geology23, 4-8 .
18.
Blindow, I. and Krause, W.1990: Key to the Swedish species of Charophyta . Svensk Botanisk Tidskrift84, 119-160 .
19.
Boutton, T.W.1991: Stable carbon isotope ratios of natural materials. II. Atmospheric, terrestrial, marine, and freshwater environments. In Coleman, D.C. and Fry, B. , editors, Carbon isotope techniques, San Diego: Academic Press , 173-185.
20.
Calvo, E. , Grimalt, J.O. and Jansen, E.2002: High resolution U37 sea surface temperature reconstruction in the Norwegian Sea during the Holocene . Quaternary Science Reviews21, 1385-1394 .
21.
Chappell, J. and Polach, H.1991: Postglacial sea-level rise from a coral record at Huon Peninsula, Papua New Guinea . Nature349, 147-149 .
22.
Christensen, C.1995: The Littorina transgressions in Denmark. In Fischer, A. , editor, Man and sea in the Mesolithic-coastal settlement above and below present sea-level, Oxford: Oxbow Books , 15-22.
23.
Clark, P.U. , Marshall, S.J. , Clarke, G.K.C. , Hostetler, S.W. , Licciardi, J.M. and Teller, J.T.2001: Freshwater forcing of abrupt climate change during the Last Glaciation . Science293, 283-287 .
24.
Clemmensen, L.B. , Richardt, N. and Andersen, C.2001: Holocene sea-level variation and spit development: data from Skagen Odde, Denmark . The Holocene11, 323-331 .
25.
Digerfeldt, G.1975: A standard profile for Littorina transgressions in western Skane, South Sweden . Boreas4, 125-142 .
26.
Ekman, M.1999: Climate changes detected through the world's longest sea level series . Global and Planetary Change21, 215-224 .
27.
Eronen, M.1974: The history of the Littorina Sea and associated Holocene events . Societas Scientarum Fennicae, Commentationes Physico-Mathematicae44, 79-195 .
28.
Fairbanks, R.G.1989: A 17,000-year glacio-eustatic sea-level record: influence of glacial melting rates on the Younger Dryas event and deep-ocean circulation . Nature342, 637-642 .
29.
Fisher, T.G. , Smith, D.G. and Andrews, J.T.2002: Preboreal oscillation caused by a glacial Lake Agassiz flood . Quaternary Science Reviews21, 873-878 .
30.
Fries, M.1965: The late Quaternary vegetation of Sweden . Acta Phytogeographica Suecica50, 269-284 .
31.
Grimm, E.C.1988: Data analysis and display. In Huntley, B. and Webb, T. III , editors, Vegetation history, Dordrecht, Boston, London: Kluwer , 43-76.
32.
Gustafsson, M. and Nordberg, K.2002: The impact of climate and shore-level displacement on the late-Holocene environmental development of Havstens Fjord and Koljo Fjord, Swedish west coast . The Holocene12, 325-338 .
33.
Hanebuth, T. , Stattegger, K. and Grootes, P.M.2000: Rapid flooding of the Sunda Shelf: a late-glacial sea-level record . Science288, 1033-1035 .
34.
Harland, R.1983: Distribution maps of recent dinoflagellate cysts in bottom sediments from the North Atlantic Ocean and adjacent seas . Paleontology26, 321-387 .
35.
Heikkila, M. and Seppa, H.2003: A 11,000 yr palaeotemperature reconstruction from the southern boreal zone in Finland . Quaternary Science Reviews22, 541-554 .
36.
Jankovska', V. and Komarek, J.2000: Indicative value of Pediastrum and other coccal green algae in palaeoecology . Folia Geobotanica35, 59-82 .
37.
Koç, N. , Jansen, E. and Haflidason, H.1993: Paleoceanographic reconstruction of surface ocean conditions in the Greenland, Iceland and Norwegian seas through the last 14 ka based on diatoms . Quaternary Science Reviews12, 115-140 .
38.
Korhola, A. , Weckstrom, J. , Hohnstrom, L. and Erasto, P.2000: A quantitative Holocene climate record from diatoms in northern Fennoscandia . Quaternary Research54, 284-294 .
39.
Lambeck, K.1999: Shoreline displacements in southern-central Sweden and the evolution of the Baltic Sea since the last maximum glaciation . Journal of the Geological Society, London156, 465-486 .
40.
Lambeck, K. and Chappell, J.2001: Sea level change through the last glacial cycle . Science292, 679-686 .
41.
Luther, H.1951: Verbreitung und Okologie der hoheren Wasserpflanzen der Ekenas-gegend in Sudfinnland . Acta Botanica Fennica49, 1-231 .
42.
Martin, A.C. and Barkley, W.D.1961: Seed identification manual. Berkeley and Los Angeles, CA: University of California Press .
43.
Mile, GA. , Davis, J.L. , Mitrovica, J.X. , Scherneck, H.-G. , Johansson, J.M. , Vermeer, M. and Koivula, H.2001: Space-geodetic constraints on glacial isostatic adjustment in Fennoscandia . Science291, 2381-2385 .
44.
Morner, N.-A.1979: The Fennoscandian uplift and late Cenozoic geodynamics: geological evidence . GeoJournal3, 287-318 .
45.
Nilsson, T.1964: Standardpollendiagramme und 14C-datierungen aus dem Agerods mosse im mittleren Schonen. Lunds Universitets Arsskrift, N.F.2 , 59, 7, 1-52.
46.
Parker, A.G. , Goudie, A.S. , Anderson, D.E. , Robinson, M.A. and Bonsall, C.2002: A review of the mid-Holocene elm decline in the British Isles . Progress in Physical Geography26, 1-45 .
47.
Peglar, S. and Birks, H.J.B.1993: The mid-Holocene Ulmus fall at Diss Mere, south-east England-disease and human impact?Vegetation History and Archaeobotany2, 61-68 .
48.
Peltier, W.R.2002: On eustatic sea level history: last glacial maximum to Holocene . Quaternary Science Reviews21, 377-396 .
49.
Plag, H.-P. and Tsimplis, M.N.1999: Temporal variability of the seasonal sea-level cycle in the North Sea and Baltic Sea in relation to climate variability . Global and Planetary Change20, 173-203 .
50.
Rochon, A. , de Vernal, A. , Turon, J.-L. , Matthiessen, J. and Head, M.J.1999: Distribution of recent dinoflagellate cysts in surface sediments from the North Atlantic Ocean and adjacent seas in relation to sea-surface parameters. Dallas, TX: American Association of Stratigraphic Palynologists Foundation .
51.
Seppii, H. and Birks, H.J.B.2001: July mean temperature and annual precipitation trends during the Holocene in the Fennoscandian tree-line area: pollen-based climate reconstructions . The Holocene11, 527-539 .
52.
Seppii, H. and Birks, H.J.B.2002: Holocene climate reconstructions from the Fennoscandian tree-line area based on pollen data from Toskaljavri . Quaternary Research57, 191-199 .
53.
Sjogren, P. and Bjorkman, L.2000: Ires utmark genom tiderna-Nya ron om aldre markanvandning i NV Blekinge . Blekinges Natur2000, 62-84 .
54.
Skog, G. and Regnell, J.1995: Precision calendar-year dating of the elm decline in a Sphagnum-peat bog in southern Sweden . Radiocarbon37, 197-202 .
55.
Stuiver, M. and Reimer, P.J.1993: Extended 14C data base and revised Calib 3.0 14C age calibration program . Radiocarbon35, 215-230 .
56.
Stuiver, M. , Reimer, P.J. , Bard, E. , Beck, J.W. , Burr, G.S. , Hughen, K.A. , Kromer, B. , McCormac, F.G. , van der Plicht, J. and Spurk, M.1998: INTCAL98 radiocarbon age calibration, 24,000-0 cal BPRadiocarbon40, 1041-1083 .
57.
Thompson, D.W.J. and Wallace, J.M.2001: Regional climate impacts of the Northern Hemisphere annular mode . Science293, 85-89 .
58.
Tomlinson, P.1985: An aid to the identification of fossil buds, bud scales and catkin-bracts of British trees and herbs . Circaea3, 45-130 .
59.
Troels-Smith, J.1955: Karakterisering af lose jordarter . Danmarks Geologiske Undersogelse IV Rekke Bd 3 Nr. 10, 38-73 .
60.
Viles, H.A. and Goudie, A.S.2003: Interannual, decadal and multidecadal scale climatic variability and geomorphology . Earth-Science Reviews61, 105-131 .
61.
Westman, P. and Sohlenius, G.1999: Diatom stratigraphy in five offshore sediment cores from the northwestern Baltic proper implying large scale circulation changes during the last 8500 years . Journal of Paleolimnology22, 53-69 .
62.
Yu, S.-Y.2003: Centennial-scale cycles in middle Holocene sea level along the southeastern Swedish Baltic coast . Geological Society of America Bulletin115, 1404-1409 .
63.
Yu, S.-Y. , Andren, E. , Barnekow, L. , Berglund, B.E. and Sandgren, P.2003: Holocene palaeoecology and shoreline displacement on the Biskopsmala Peninsula in Blekinge, southeastern Sweden . Boreas32, 578-589 .
64.
Yu, S.-Y. , Berglund, B.E. , Andren, E. and Sandgren, P.2004: Mid-Holocene Baltic Sea transgression along the coast of SE Sweden-ancient lagoons correlated with beach ridges . Geologiska Foreningens i Stockholm Forhandlinger126, 257-272 .
