Epidemiology of systemic lupus erythematosus at the change of the millennium: lessons from the Euro-Lupus and the LUMINA projects

Swaak AJG , Nossent JC , Bronsveld W et al. Systemic lupus erythematosus: I. Outcome and survival: Dutch experience with 110 patients studied prospectively . Ann Rheum Dis 1989; 48: 447-454 .

Gudmundsson S , Steinsson K. Systemic lupus erythematosus in Iceland 1975 through 1984. A nationwide epidemiological study in an unselected population . J Rheumatol 1990; 17: 1162-1167 .

Hopkinson N , Doherty M , Powell R. The prevalence and incidence of systemic lupus erythematosus, UK, 1989-90 . Br J Rheumatol 1993; 32: 110-115 .

Urowitz MB , Bookman AAM , Koehler BE , Gordon DA , Smythe HA , Ogryzlo MA. The bimodal mortality pattern of systemic lupus erythematosus . Am J Med 1976; 60: 221-225 .

Wallace DJ , Podell T , Weiner J , Klinenberg JR , Forouzesh S , Dubois EL. Systemic lupus erythematosus: experience with 609 patients . JAMA 1981; 245: 934-938 .

Wang F , Wang CL , Tan CT , Manivasagar M. Systemic lupus erythematosus in Malaysia: a study of 539 patients and comparison of prevalence and disease expression in different racial and gender groups . Lupus 1997; 6: 248-253 .

Alsaeid K , Kamal H , Haider MZ , Al-Enezi HM , Malaviya AN. Systemic lupus erythematosus in Kuwaiti children: organ system involvement and serological findings . Lupus 2004; 13: 613-617 .

Harris EN , Williams E , Shah DJ , De Ceulaer K. Mortality of Jamaican patients with systemic lupus erythematosus . Br J Rheumatol 1989; 28: 113-117 .

Pons-Estel BA , Catoggio LJ , Cardiel MH et al. The GLADEL multinational Latin American prospective inception cohort of 1,214 patients with systemic lupus erythematosus: ethnic and disease heterogeneity among ‘Hispanics’ . Medicine (Baltimore) 2004; 83: 1-17 .

Cervera R , Khamashta MA , Font J et al. Systemic lupus erythematosus: Clinical and immunologic patterns of disease expression in a cohort of 1,000 patients . Medicine (Baltimore) 1993; 72: 113-124 .

Cervera R , Khamashta MA , Font J et al. Morbidity and mortality in systemic lupus erythematosus. A multicenter prospective study of 1,000 patients . Medicine (Baltimore) 1999; 78: 167-175 .

Cervera R , Khamashta MA , Font J et al. Morbidity and mortality in systemic lupus erythematosus during a 10-year period. A comparison of early and late manifestations in a cohort of 1,000 patients . Medicine (Baltimore) 2003; 82: 299-308 .

Vilá LM , Alarcón GS , McGwin G Jr. et al. Early clinical manifestations, disease activity and damage of systemic lupus erythematosus among two distinct US Hispanic subpopulations . Rheumatology 2004; 43: 358-363 .

Reveille JD , Moulds JM , Ahn C et al. The effect of HLA-class II, C4 and CR1 alleles, socioeconomic factors and ethnicity on disease onset. LUMINA Study Group. Lupus in minorities, nature versus nurture . Arthritis Rheum 1998; 41: 1161-1172 .

Calvo-Alén J , McGwin G Jr. , Uribe AG et al. Ethnicity, socioeconomic-demographic, behavioral and psychological variables predict disease activity over time in systemic lupus erythematosus . Arthritis Rheum 2004; 50: S690-S691 .

Alarcón GS , McGwin G Jr. , Bastian HM et al. Systemic lupus erythematosus in three ethnic groups. VII: Predictors of early mortality in the LUMINA cohort . Arthritis Rheum (Arthritis Care Res) 2001; 45: 191-202 .

Uribe AG , Alarcón GS , Sánchez ML et al. Systemic lupus erythematosus in three ethnic groups. XVIII. Factors predictive of poor compliance with study visits . Arthritis Rheum (Arthritis Care Res) 2004; 51: 258-263 .

Bertoli AM , Fernández M , Calvo-Alén J et al. Systemic lupus erythematosus in a multiethnic US cohort (LUMINA): Factors associated with patients being lost to follow-up . Lupus 2006.

Alarcón GS , Bastian HM , Beasley TM et al. Systemic lupus erythematosus in a multiethnic US cohort (LUMINA): Contributions of admixture and socioeconomic status to renal involvement . Lupus 2006.

Bertoli AM , Alarcón GS , McGwin G Jr. et al. Systemic lupus erythematosus in a multiethnic US cohort (LUMINA): Factors predictive of a decline to low levels of disease activity . Lupus 2006.

Alarcón GS. Of ethnicity, race and lupus . Lupus 2001; 10: 594-596 .