Mechanisms of disability progression in primary progressive multiple sclerosis: are they different from secondary progressive multiple sclerosis?

McDonald WI , Compston A , Edan G , Goodkin D , Hartung HP , Lublin FD et al. Recommended diagnostic criteria for multiple sclerosis: guidelines from the International Panel on the diagnosis of multiple sclerosis . Ann Neurol 2001; 50: 121-127 .

Lublin FD , Reingold SC. Defining the clinical course of multiple sclerosis: results of an international survey . Neurology 1996; 46: 907-911 .

Cottrell DA , Kremenchutzky M , Rice GP , Koopman WJ , Hader W , Baskerville J et al. The natural history of multiple sclerosis: a geographically based study. 5. The clinical features and natural history of primary progressive multiple sclerosis . Brain 1999; 122: 625-639 .

Andersson PB , Waubant E , Gee L , Goodkin DE. Multiple sclerosis that is progressive from the time of onset: clinical characteristics and progression of disability . Arch Neurol 1999; 56: 1138-1142 .

Thompson AJ , Kermode AG , MacManus DG , Kendall BE , Kingsley DP , Moseley IF et al. Patterns of disease activity in multiple sclerosis: clinical and magnetic resonance imaging study . BMJ 1990; 300: 631-634 .

Thompson AJ , Kermode AG , Wicks D , MacManus DG , Kendall BE , Kingsley DP et al. Major differences in the dynamics of primary and secondary progressive multiple sclerosis . Ann Neurol 1991; 29: 53-62 .

Luks TL , Goodkin DE , Nelson SJ , Majumdar S , Bacchetti P , Portnoy D et al. A longitudinal study of ventricular volume in early relapsing -remitting multiple sclerosis . Mult Scler 2000; 6: 332-337 .

Rudick RA , Fisher E , Lee J-C , Simon J , Jacobs L , MSCRG. Use of the brain parenchymal fraction to measure whole brain atrophy in relapsing -remitting MS . Neurology 1999; 53: 1698-1704 .

Chard DT , Griffin CM , Parker GJ , Kapoor R , Thompson AJ , Miller DH. Brain atrophy in clinically early relapsing -remitting multiple sclerosis . Brain 2002; 125: 327-337 .

Weinshenker BG , Bass B , Rice GP , Noseworthy J , Carriere W , Baskerville J et al. The natural history of multiple sclerosis: a geographically based study. I. Clinical course and disability . Brain 1989; 112: 133-146 .

Arnold DL. Magnetic resonance spectroscopy: imaging axonal damage in MS . J Neuroimmunol 1999; 98: 2-6 . [Review; 12 refs]

Trapp BD , Ransohoff RM , Fisher E , Rudick RA. Neurodegeneration in multiple sclerosis: relationship to neurological disability . Neuroscientist 1999; 5: 48-57 .

Confavreux C , Vukusic S , Moreau T , Adeleine P. Relapses and progression of disability in multiple sclerosis . N Engl J Med 2000; 343: 1430-1438 .

Lucchinetti C , Bruck W , Rodriquez M , Lassmann H. Distinct pattern of multiple sclerosis pathology indicates heterogeneity in pathogenesis . Brain Pathol 1996; 6: 259-259 .

Bruck W , Lucchinetti C , Lassmann H. The pathology of primary progressive multiple sclerosis . Mult Scler 2002; 8: 93-97 .

Thompson AJ , Montalban X , Barkhof F , Brochet B , Filippi M , Miller DH et al. Diagnostic criteria for primary progressive multiple sclerosis: a position paper . Ann Neurol 2000; 47: 831-835 .