Random Response Spectrum Analysis of Gravity Dam Classes: Simplified,Practical,and Fast Approach

Abstract

The seismic risk of concrete dams may be assessed using various numerical techniques, ranging from simplified methods to linear and nonlinear ones. Such methods should be combined with probabilistic concepts to account for the randomness in both demand and capacity. This paper proposes a random version of a simplified response spectrum method (involving equivalent static lateral forces [ESLFs]) for gravity dams by means of propagating uncertainties through the input parameters. Input parameter sensitivity is quantified and the extended procedure is explained step by step. Results are then generalized for the different dam classes. The impacts of sampling size and technique (i.e., pseudo-random and quasi-random) are also discussed. A time-based performance is evaluated and fragility curves are derived. This method may be used during the initial stages of a design process or safety analysis for existing dams.

Get full access to this article

View all access options for this article.

References

Alves

and Hall

2006. System identification of a concrete arch dam and calibration of its finite element model, Earthquake Engineering & Structural Dynamics 35, 1321–1337.

Applied Technology Council (ATC-40), 1996. Seismic Evaluation and Retrofit of Concrete Buildings, ATC-40, Redwood City, CA.

Applied Technology Council (ATC), 2012. Seismic performance assessment of buildings, Volume 1: Methodology. Tech. Rep. ATC-58-1, Federal Emergency Management Agency Redwood City, CA, 287 pp.

Ashour

S. A.

1987. Elastic Seismic Response of Buildings with Supplemental Damping, Ph.D. Thesis, Department of Civil Engineering, Michigan University.

American Society of Civil Engineers (ASCE), 2014. Seismic Evaluation and Retrofit of Existing Buildings. Tech. rep ASCE/SEI-41-13, Reston, VA, 518 pp.

Basili

and Nuti

2011. Seismic simulation and base sliding of concrete gravity dams, in Computational Methods in Earthquake Engineering ( Papadrakakis

Fragiadakis

Lagaros

N. D.

Editors), Springer Dordrecht, Germany, 427–454.

Bommer

J. J.

Elnashai

A. S.

and Weir

A. G.

2000. Compatible acceleration and displacement spectra for seismic design codes, in Proceedings of the 12th World Conference on Earthquake Engineering Auckland, New Zealand.

Building Center of Japan (JPN), 2001. Ministry of vehicle, infrastructure and transport. Guidelines for calculation procedure and technical standard on seismically isolated structures (in Japanese), Building Center of Japan Tokyo.

Caltrans, 2006. California Department of Transportation, Seismic Design Criteria, ver. 1.4., Sacramento, CA.

10.

Chopra

A. K.

1967. Reservoir-dam interaction during earthquakes, Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America 57, 675–687.

11.

Chopra

A. K.

1978. Earthquake resistant design of concrete gravity dams, Journal of the Structural Division 104, 953–971.

12.

Chopra

A. K.

2012. Earthquake analysis of arch dams: factors to be considered, Journal of Structural Engineering 138, 205–214.

13.

Chopra

A. K.

and Zhang

1991. Earthquake-induced base sliding of concrete gravity dams, Journal of Structural Engineering 117, 3698–3719.

14.

Christopoulos

Léger

and Filiatrault

2003. Sliding response of gravity dams including vertical seismic accelerations, Earthquake Engineering and Engineering Vibration 2, 189–200.

15.

Clough

and Wilson

1962. Stress analysis of a gravity dam by the finite element method, in the Proceedings of the Symposium on Use of Computers in Civil Engineering 1–5 October 1962, Lisbon, Portugal.

16.

Cornell

1968. Engineering seismic risk analysis, Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America 58, 1583–1606.

17.

DM Infrastrutture 14.01.2008, 2008. Approval of the new technical standards for constructions (in Italian). GU n. 29 4-2-2008-Suppl. Ordinario n. 30, Rome.

18.

Ellingwood

and Kinali

2009. Quantifying and communicating uncertainty in seismic risk assessment, Structural Safety 31, 179–187.

19.

Ellingwood

and Tekie

2001. Fragility analysis of concrete gravity dams, Journal of Infrastructure Systems, 7, 41–48.

20.

Eurocode 8, 2004. Design of structures for earthquake resistance, Part 1: General rules, seismic actions and rules for buildings, EN 2004-1-1, CEN Brussels.

21.

Eurocode 8, 1994. Design provisions for earthquake resistance of structures. Part 1: General rules - Seismic actions and general requirements for structures, European pre-norm ENV 1998-1, CEN Brussels.

22.

Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA-273), 1997. NEHRP Guidelines for the Seismic Rehabilitation of Buildings, FEMA-273, Washington DC.

23.

Fenves

and Chopra

A. K.

1985a. Simplified earthquake analysis of concrete gravity dams: combined hydrodynamic and foundation interaction effects, Journal of Engineering Mechanics 111, 736–756.

24.

Fenves

and Chopra

A. K.

1985b. Simplified earthquake analysis of concrete gravity dams: separate hydrodynamic and foundation interaction effects, Journal of Engineering Mechanics 111, 715–735.

25.

Fenves

and Chopra

A. K.

1987. Simplified earthquake analysis of concrete gravity dams, Journal of Structural Engineering 113, 1688–1708.

26.

Fenves

and Chopra

A. K.

1986. Simplified analysis for earthquake resistant design of concrete gravity dams. Tech. Rep. UCB/EERC-85/10, Earthquake Engineering Research Center Berkeley, CA, 160 pp.

27.

Furgani

Basili

and Nuti

2013. Base sliding methods for seismic assessment of concrete gravity dams, in the Proceeding of the 4th ECCOMAS Thematic Conference on Computational Methods in Structural Dynamics and Earthquake Engineering (COMPDYN 2013) 12–14 June 2013, Kos Island, Greece.

28.

Halton

J. H.

1964. Algorithm 247: radical-inverse quasi-random point sequence, Communications of the ACM 7, 701–702.

29.

Hariri-Ardebili

M. A.

2015. Performance based earthquake engineering for concrete dams. Ph.D. thesis, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO.

30.

Hariri-Ardebili

M. A.

and Kianoush

M. R.

2014. Integrative seismic safety evaluation of a high concrete arch dam, Soil Dynamics and Earthquake Engineering 67, 85–101.

31.

Hariri-Ardebili

M. A.

Saouma

and Porter

K. A.

2016. Quantification of seismic potential failure modes in concrete dams, Earthquake Engineering and Structural Dynamics 45, 979–997.

32.

Hariri-Ardebili

M. A.

and Saouma

V. E.

2016. Seismic fragility analysis of concrete dams: a state-of-the-art review, Engineering Structures 128, 374–399.

33.

International Building Code (IBC), 2000. International Building Code, International Conference of Building Officials

Whittier, CA

34.

International Commission on Large Dams (ICOLD), 1999. A2. Imminent failure flood for a concrete gravity dam, in the 5th International Benchmark Workshop on Numerical Analysis of Dams. Denver, CO.

35.

International Commission on Large Dams (ICOLD), 2016. Selecting seismic parameters for large dams, Guidelines, Bulletin 148 (Revision of Bulletin 72). Tech. rep., Paris, 37 pp.

36.

Joe

and Kuo

F. Y.

2008. Notes on generating Sobol sequences.

37.

Lin

and Baker

2014. Conditional Spectra, Springer Berlin Heidelberg Berlin, Heidelberg, pp. 1–13.

38.

Lin

and Chang

2003. Study on damping reduction factor for buildings under earthquake ground motions, Journal of Structural Engineering 129, 206–214.

39.

Løkke

2013. Earthquake Analysis of Concrete Gravity Dams: Review and Modernization of Two Analysis Procedures, M.S. Thesis, Institutt for Konstruksjonsteknikk, Tondheim, Norway.

40.

Løkke

and Chopra

2013. Response spectrum analysis of concrete gravity dams including dam-water-foundation interaction. Tech. rep., Pacific Earthquake Engineering Research Center Headquarters at the University of California Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, 97 pp.

41.

Løkke

and Chopra

A. K.

2015. Response spectrum analysis of concrete gravity dams including dam-water-foundation interaction, Journal of Structural Engineering 141, 04014202.

42.

MATLAB, 2016. version 9.1 (R2016b). The MathWorks Inc. Natick, Massachusetts.

43.

McKay

Beckman

and Conover

1979. A comparison of three methods for selecting values of input variables in the analysis of output from a computer code, Technometrics 21, 239–245.

44.

Newmark

N. M.

and Hall

W. J.

1973. Seismic design criteria for nuclear reactor facilities.

45.

OPCM 3274, 2003. Ordinanza del Presidente del Consiglio dei Ministri n. 3274, Primi elementi in materia di criteri generali per la classificazione sismica del territorio nazionale e di normative tecniche per le costruzioni in zona sismica, Rome.

46.

Ökten

Shah

and Goncharov

2012. Random and deterministic digit permutations of the Halton sequence. In Monte Carlo and Quasi-Monte Carlo Methods 2010, Springer Berlin, pp. 609–622.

47.

Pekau

and Zhu

2006. Three-degree-of-freedom rigid model for seismic analysis of cracked concrete gravity dams, Journal of Engineering Mechanics 132, 979–989.

48.

Porter

2015. A Beginner's Guide to Fragility, Vulnerability, and Risk. In Beer

Kougioumtzoglou

I. A.

Patelli

and Au

I. S.-K.

(eds.), Encyclopedia of Earthquake Engineering, Springer Berlin Heidelberg, pp. 1–29.

49.

Proulx

Paultre

Rheault

and Robert

2001. An experimental investigation of water level effects on the dynamic behaviour of a large arch dam, Earthquake Engineering & Structural Dynamics 30, 1147–1166.

50.

Rea

Liaw

C.-Y.

and Chopra

A. K.

1974. Mathematical models for the dynamic analysis of concrete gravity dams, Earthquake Engineering & Structural Dynamics 3, 249–258.

51.

Report No. 46, Building Practices for Disaster Mitigation, National Bureau of Standards, U.S. Department of Commerce

Washington, D.C.

52.

Rezaeian

Bozorgnia

Idriss

Abrahamson

Campbell

and Silva

2014. Damping scaling factors for elastic response spectra for shallow crustal earthquakes in active tectonic regions: “average” horizontal component, Earthquake Spectra 30, 939–963.

53.

Richardson

1911. The approximate arithmetical solution by finite differences of physical problems involving differential equations, with an application to the stresses in a masonry dam, Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society, Series A 210, 307–357.

54.

Structural Engineers Association of California (SEAOC), 1995. Performance-based seismic engineerin, SEAOC Vision 2000 Committee. Tech. rep., Sacramento, CA.

55.

Shinozuka

Feng

Lee

and Naganuma

2000. Statistical analysis of fragility curves, Journal of Engineering Mechanics 126, 1224–1231.

56.

Sobol’

I. M.

1967. On the distribution of points in a cube and the approximate evaluation of integrals, Zhurnal Vychislitel'noi Matematiki i Matematicheskoi Fiziki 7, 784–802.

57.

Tekie

and Ellingwood

2003. Seismic fragility assessment of concrete gravity dams, Earthquake Engineering and Structural Dynamics 32, 2221–2240.

58.

Thacker

B. H.

Doebling

S. W.

Hemez

F. M.

Anderson

M. C.

Pepin

J. E.

and Rodriguez

E. A.

2004. Concepts of model verification and validation. Tech. rep., Los Alamos National Lab., Los Alamos, NM, 41 pp.

59.

Uniform Building Code (UBC), 1997. Uniform Building Code, International Conference of Building Officials Whittier, CA.

60.

U.S. Army Corps of Engineers (USACE), 1995. Gravity Dam Design. Tech. Rep. EM 1110-2-2200, Department of the Army Washington, D.C., 88 pp.

61.

U.S. Army Corps of Engineers (USACE), 2003. Time-history dynamic analysis of concrete hydraulic structures. Tech. Rep. EM 1110-2-6051, Department of the Army Washington, D.C., 401 pp.

62.

U.S. Army Corps of Engineers (USACE), 2007. Earthquake design and evaluation of concrete hydraulic structures. Tech. Rep. EM 1110-2-6053, Department of the Army Washington, D.C., 247 pp.

63.

Westergaard

1933. Water pressures on dams during earthquakes, Transactions of the American Society of Civil Engineers 98, 418–433.

64.

Wieland

2014. Seismic hazard and seismic design and safety aspects of large dam projects, in Perspectives on European Earthquake Engineering and Seismology ( Ansal

Ed.), Springer pp. 627–650.

65.

Zhou

Wenguang

and Xu

2003. State of the art on applications, R&D and design rules for seismic isolation in China, in Proc. 8th World Seminar on Seismic Isolation, Energy Dissipation and Active Vibration Control of Structures Yerevan, Armenia.

Supplementary Material

Please find the following supplemental material available below.

For Open Access articles published under a Creative Commons License, all supplemental material carries the same license as the article it is associated with.

For non-Open Access articles published, all supplemental material carries a non-exclusive license, and permission requests for re-use of supplemental material or any part of supplemental material shall be sent directly to the copyright owner as specified in the copyright notice associated with the article.

0.00 MB

2.17 MB