Abstract
Seismic ground motions excite long-period sloshing response in liquid-storage tanks. A minimum freeboard is needed to prevent the sloshing waves from impacting the roof of tanks. Since freeboard results in unused storage capacity, many tanks are not provided with the sufficient freeboard. As a result, sloshing waves impact the roof, generating additional forces on the roof and tank wall. This article presents a simple method of estimating these forces.
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