The effect of monotonic compressive loading on the residual stresses developed at cold expanded fastener holes has been investigated using the neutron and X-ray diffraction techniques. Monotonic loading models the effect of the peak of a fatigue loading sequence experienced before a crack is initiated. It was found that the compressive loading significantly affected the residual stress distribution. A low load relaxed only the stresses near to the bore of the hole, whereas a larger load affected the stress distribution over a greater area. Residual stresses measured at the mandrel entrance face were more affected by the compressive loading than the residual stresses measured at the other segments of thickness. The comparison between the X-ray and neutron diffraction results showed that the techniques complemented each other well, enabling a three-dimensional residual stress distribution to be derived. This distribution was used for modelling the effect of compressive loading on fatigue crack growth, using a linear elastic fracture mechanics approach and assuming a stabilized residual stress field.
Cold Expansion of Holes using the Standard Split Sleeve System (Cx) and Countersink Cold Expansion, Engineering Process Specification 8101C, 1994 (Fatigue Technology Incorporated Limited, USA).
2.
HoldwayP.CookR.BowenA. W.Residual stress distribution and fatigue properties of aluminium-lithium 8090 5mm plate containing plain and cold-expanded fastener holes. In Fourth International Conference onResidual Stresses, 1994, pp. 1046–1054 (Society for Experimental Mechanics, Bethel, Connecticut).
3.
PellR. A.BraverP. W.MannJ. Y.SparrowJ. G.Fatigue of thick-section cold-expanded holes with and without cracksFatigue Fracture Engng Mater. Struct., 1989, 12 (6), 553–567.
4.
NelsonD. V.Effects of residual stress on fatigue crack propagation In Residual Stress Effects in Fatigue, ASTM STP 776, 1982, pp. 172–187 (American Society for Testing and Materials, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania).
5.
BallD.LowryD. R.Experimental investigation on the effects of cold expansion of fastener holesFatigue Fracture Engng Mater. Struct., 1998, 21 (1), 17–34.
6.
ToparliM.OezelA.AksoyT.Effect of the residual stresses on the fatigue crack growth behavior at fastener holesMater. Sci. Engng, 1997, A225 (1–2), 196–203.
7.
FitzpatrickM. E.EdwardsL.Fatigue crack/residual stress interactions and their implications for damage tolerant designJ. Mater. Engng Performance, 1998, 7 (2), 190–198.
8.
AlmerJ. D.CohenJ. B.WinholtzR. A.The effects of residual macrostresses and microstresses on fatigue crack propagationMetall. Mater. Trans., 1998, 29A, 2127–2136.
9.
WangG. S.A strip yield analysis of fatigue crack growth in the residual stress fieldInt. J. Fracture, 1999, 96 (3), 247–277.
10.
BeghiniM.BertiniL.VitaleE.Fatigue crack growth in residual stress fields: Experimental results and modellingFatigue Fracture Engng Mater. Struct., 1994, 17 (12), 1433–1444.
11.
ÖzdemirA. T.EdwardsL.Relaxation of residual stresses at cold-worked fastnener holes due to fatigue loadingFatigue Fracture Engng Mater. Struct., 1997, 20 (10), 1443–1451.
12.
PavierM. J.PoussardC. G.SmithD. J.Effect of residual stress around cold worked holes on fracture under superimposed mechanical loadEngng Fracture Mechanics, 1999, 63 (6), 751–773.
13.
StefanescuD.The effect of load history on the residual stresses developed at cold expanded fastener holes. PhD thesis, The Open University, 2001.
14.
EdwardsL.WangD. Q.Neutron diffraction determination of the complete 3D residual stress distribution surrounding a cold-expanded hole. In Fourth European Conference onResidual Stresses (Eds DenisS.), 1996, pp. 619–626 (ENSAM, Paris).
15.
NoyanI. C.CohenJ. B.Residual Stress, 1987 (Springer-Verlag, New York).
16.
PfeifferW.The role of the peak location method in X-ray stress measurement. In Proceedings of 4th International Conference onResidual Stresses, 1994, pp. 148–155 (Society for Experimental Mechanics, Bethel, Connecticut).
17.
JohnsonM. W.EdwardsL.WithersP. J.ENGIN— a new instrument for engineersPhysica B, 1997, 234, 1141–1143.
18.
DaymondM. R.BourkeM. A. M.DreeleR. B. V.ClausenB.LorentzenT.Use of Rietveld refinement for elastic macrostrain determination and for evaluation of plastic strain history from diffraction spectraJ. Appl. Phys., 1997, 82 (4), 1554–1562.
19.
Von DreeleR. B.JorgensenJ. D.WindsorC. G.Rietveld refinement with spallation neutron powder diffraction dataJ. Appl. Cryst., 1982, 15, 581–589.
20.
WangD. Q.EdwardsL.Precise determination of specimen surface position during sub-surface strain scanning by neutron diffraction. In Fourth European Conference onResidual Stresses (Eds DenisS.), 1996, pp. 135–143 (ENSAM, Paris).
21.
SureshS.Fatigue of Materials, 1991 (Cambridge University Press, Cambridge).
NewmanJ. C.JrAn improved method of collocation for the stress analysis of cracked plates with various shaped boundaries. Report TN D-6376, NASA, 1971.
24.
NewmanJ. C.JrRajuI. S.Stress intensity equations for cracks in three-dimensional finite bodies subjected to tension and bending loads In Computational Methods in Mechanics of Fracture (Ed. AtluriS. N.), 1986, pp. 311–344 (Elsevier, Oxford).
25.
ShahR. C.Stress intensity factors for through and part-through cracks originating at fastener holes In Mechanics of Crack Growth, ASTM STP 590, 1976, pp. 429–459 (American Society for Testing and Materials, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania).
26.
HowlandR. C.On the stresses in the neighbourhood of a circular hole in a strip under tensionPhil. Trans. R. Soc., 1930, A229, 49–86.
27.
EdwardsL.The effect of slip distribution on the mechanical properties of aluminium alloys In Deformation of Multi-Phase and Particle Containing Materials (Ed. Bilde-Sorenson), 1983, pp. 442–450 (Risø, Denmark).
28.
GallagherJ.Damage tolerant design handbook, Vol. 3. Report MCIC-HB-01R, Air Force Wright Aeronautical Laboratories, Wright-Patterson Air Force Base, Ohio, 1983.
