Application of conventional cutting fluids often cannot control the high cutting temperatures, especially in high production machining. In addition, they are a major source of pollution in machining industries. Cryogenic cooling is a potential environmentally friendly clean technology for desirable control of the cutting temperature.
The present work deals with experimental investigations on the role of cryogenic cooling by liquid nitrogen jets on chip formation and cutting forces in turning AISI 1040 steel and AISI 4320 steel at industrial speed—feed combinations by two types of carbide inserts of different geometrical configurations. The experimental results indicate the possibility of a substantial reduction in cutting forces by cryogenic cooling, which enabled a reduction in cutting forces by favourable chip formation, chip—tool interaction and also retention of tool sharpness due to reduced cutting temperature. Thus cryogenic cooling, if properly employed, is not only environmentally friendly but can also improve machinability characteristics.
ShawM. C.PigottJ. D.RichardsonL. P.The effect of cutting fluid upon chip—tool interface temperature. Trans. ASME, 1951, 71, 45–56.
2.
MerchantM. E.The physical chemistry of cutting fluid action. Am. Chem. Soc. Div. Petrol Chem., Preprint 3, 1958, 4A, 179–189.
3.
CassinC.BoothroydG.Lubrication action of cutting fluids. J. Mech. Engng Sci., 1965, 7(1), 67–81.
4.
KitagawaT.KuboA.MaekawaK.Temperature and wear of cutting tools in high speed machining of Inconel 718 and Ti-6V-2Sn. Wear, 1997, 202, 142–148.
5.
MazurkiewiczM.Metal machining with high pressure water-jet cooling assistance—a new possibility. J. Engng for Industry, 1989, 111, 7–12.
6.
MachadoR. A.WallbankJ.The effects of a high pressure coolant jet on machining. Proc. Instn Mech. Engrs, Part B, Journal of Engineering Manufacture, 1994, 208(B1), 29–38.
FarookA.VaradarajanA. S.PhilipP. K.Machinability studies on steel using hard metal inserts with soft material deposit. In Proceedings of 18th All India MTDR Conference, 1998, pp. 152–155.
10.
AlaxenderA.VaradarajanA. S.PhilipP. K.Hard turning with minimum cutting fluid: A viable green alternative on the shop floor. In Proceedings of 18th All India MTDR Conference, 1998, pp. 152–155.
11.
ThoorsH.ChandrasekaranH.Influence of the cutting medium on tool wear during turning. Report IM-3118, Swedish Institute for Metal Research, 1994.
12.
ChattopadhyayA. B.BoseA.ChattopadhyayA. K.Improvements in grinding steels by cryogenic cooling. J. Precision Engng, 1985, 7(2), 93.
13.
PaulS.BanerjeeP. P.ChattopadhyayA. B.Effects of cryo-cooling in grinding steels. J. Mater. Processing Technol., 1993, 37, 791–800.
14.
PaulS.ChatopadhyayA. B.Effects of cryogenic cooling by liquid nitrogen jet on forces, temperature and surface residual stresses in grinding. Cryogenics, 1995, 35, 515–523.
15.
PaulS.ChatopadhyayA. B.The effect of cryogenic cooling on grinding forces. Int. J. Mach. Tool Mf., 1996, 36(1), 63–72.
16.
PaulS.ChatopadhyayA. B.Determination and control of grinding zone temperature under cryogenic cooling. Int. J. Mach. Tool Mf., 1996, 36(4), 491–501.
17.
BhattacharyyaA.RoyT. K.ChattopadhyayA. B.Application of cryogenic in metal machining. J. Instn Engrs, India, 1972.
18.
UeheraK.KumagaiS.Chip formation, surface roughness, cutting forces and tool wear in cryogenic machining. Ann. CIRP, 1968, 17(1), 409–415.
19.
UeheraK.KumagaiS.Mechanisms of tool wear. J. Jap. Soc. Precision Engng, 1969, 35(9), 43–49.
20.
FillippiA. D.IppolitoR.Face milling at 180°C. Ann. CIRP, 1970, 19(1), 399–405.
21.
EvansC.Cryogenic diamond turning of stainless steel. Ann. CIRP, 1991, 40(1), 571–575.
22.
BhattacharyaS. K.MoffattV. L.Characteristics of micro wheel wear in grinding. Int. J. MTDR, 1976, 16, 325.
23.
DingY.HongS.Improvement of chip breaking in machining low carbon steel by cryogenically precooling the workpiece. Trans. ASME, 1998, 120, 76–83.
24.
HongS.QuX.LeeA.Economical cryogenic milling for environmentally safe manufacturing. Technical Papers of the North American Manufacturing Research Institute of SME at home page http://www.columbia.edu/-ah121/index2.html
25.
WangZ. Y.RajurkarK. P.Wear of CBN tool in turning of silicon nitride with cryogenic cooling. Int. J. Mach. Tool Mf., 1997, 37, 319–326.
