On the role of laser-induced microstructures in influencing the surface energy of magnesia partially stabilized zirconia bioceramic

Abstract

Surface energy must in some way be connected to surface chemistry and is therefore an important determinant of a biomaterial's functions. This work elucidates the basic phenomena and wetting mechanisms associated for a widely used bioinert ceramic, magnesia partially stabilized zirconia (MgO-PSZ) following CO₂ laser treatment. Contact angles for a set of test liquids were used to measure the wettability characteristics and to reduce the surface energy of the MgO-PSZ before and after CO₂ laser treatment. CO₂ laser treatment of the MgO-PSZ surface was seen to effect an improvement in the material's wettability characteristics. Furthermore, it was found that the extent of wettability modification was closely related to the microstructure induced by CO₂ laser radiation on the surface of the MgO-PSZ.

Keywords

magnesia partially stabilized zirconia (MgO-PSZ)surface energy microstructure wettability characteristics

References

Ohl

Schroder

Plasma-induced chemical micropatterning for cell culturing applications: A brief review. Surf. Coatings Technol., 1999, 116–119, 820–830.

Kasemo

Gold

Implant surfaces and interface processes. Adv. Dental Res., 1999, 13, 8–20.

Duncan

A. C.

Weisbuch

Rouais

Lazare

Baquey

Ch.

Laser microfabricated model surfaces for controlled cell growth. Biosensors and Bioelectronics, 2002, 17, 413–426.

Ball

M. D.

Downes

Scotchford

C. A.

Antonov

E. N.

Bagratashvili

V. N.

Popov

V. K.

W. J.

Grant

D. M.

Howdle

S. M.

Osteoblast growth on titanium foils coated with hydroxyapatite by pulsed laser ablation. Biomaterials, 2001, 22, 337–347.

D'Alessio

Ferro

Marotta

Santagata

Teghil

Zaccagnino

Laser ablation and deposition of Bioglass® 45S5 thin films. Appl. Surf. Sci., 2001, 183, 10–17.

Alessio

L. D.

Teghil

Zaccagnino

Zaccardo

Ferro

Marotta

Pulsed laser ablation and deposition of bioactive glass as coating material for biomedical applications. Appl. Surf. Sci., 1999, 138–139, 527–532.

Serra

Morenza

J. L.

Fluence dependence of hydroxyapatite laser ablation plumes. Thin Solid Films, 1998, 335, 43–48.

Hontsu

Matsumoto

Ishii

Nakamori

Tabata

Kawai

Electrical properties of hydroxyapatite thin films grown by pulsed laser deposition. Thin Solid Films, 1997, 295, 214–217.

Villermaux

Tabrizian

Yahia

L. H.

Meunier

Piron

D. L.

Excimer laser treatment of NiTi shape memory alloy. Appl. Surf. Sci., 1997, 109–110, 62–66.

10.

Yue

T. M.

J. K.

Man

H. C.

The effect of excimer laser surface treatment on pitting corrosion resistance of 316LS stainless steel. Surf. Coatings Technol., 2001, 137, 65–71.

11.

Yue

T. M.

J. K.

Mei

Man

H. C.

Excimer laser surface treatment of Ti-6Al-4V alloy for corrosion resistance enhancement. Mater. Lett., 2002, 52, 206–212.

12.

Cheang

Khor

K. A.

Teoh

L. L.

Tam

S. C.

Pulsed laser treatment of plasma-sprayed hydroxyapatitecoatings. Biomaterials, 1996, 17, 1901–1904.

13.

Mirzadeha

Katbabr

Burford

CO₂-laser graft copolymerization of Hema and NVP onto ethylene-propylene rubber (EPR) as biomaterial—(III). Radiat. Phys. Chem., 1995, 46, 859–862.

14.

Mirzadeha

Katbabr

Khorasani

M. T.

Burford

Gorgin

Golestani

Cell attachment to laserinduced AAm-and HEMA-grafted ethylene-propylene rubber as biomaterial: In vivo study. Biomaterials, 1995, 168, 641–648.

15.

Lawrence

Modification of the wettability characteristics of polymethyl methacrylate (PMMA) by means of CO₂, Nd:YAG, excimer and high power diode laser radiation. Mater. Sci. Engng, 2001, A303, 142–149.

16.

Lawrence

Carbon steel wettability characteristics enhancement for improved enamelling using a 1.2 kW high power diode laser. Optics Lasers Engng, 2000, 32, 353–365.

17.

Lawrence

Wettability characteristics of carbon steel modified with CO₂, Nd:YAG, excimer and high power diode lasers. Appl. Surf. Sci., 2000, 154–155, 664–669.

18.

Heitz

Arenholz

Kefer

Bäuerle

Hibst

Hagemeyer

Enhanced adhesion of metal films on PET after UV-laser treatment. Appl. Phys. A, 1992, 55, 391–392.

19.

Watanabe

Takata

Surface treatment of polyethylene films. Sen'-I Gakkaishi, 1993, 49, 616–623.

20.

Andrew

J. E.

Dyer

P. E.

Forter

Key

P. H.

Direct etching of polymeric materials using a XeCl laser. Appl. Phys. Lett., 1983, 43, 717–718.

21.

Watanabe

Takata

Direct excimer laser etching of polymeric materials. J. Adhesion Sci. Technol., 1994, 6, 1425–1438.

22.

Laurens

Sadras

Decobert

Arefiknonsari

Amouroux

Enhancement of the adhesive bonding properties of PEEK by excimer laser treatment. Int. J. Adhesion Adhes., 1998, 18, 19–27.

23.

Laurens

Bouali

Ould M.

Meducin

Sadras

Characterization of modifications of polymer surfaces after excimer laser treatments below the ablation threshold. Appl. Surf. Sci., 2000, 154–155, 211–216.

24.

Heitz

Arenholz

Kefer

Bäuerle

Hibst

Hagemeyer

Enhanced adhesion of metal films on PET after UV-laser treatment. Appl. Phys. A, 1992, 55, 391–392.

25.

Henari

Blau

Excimer laser surface treatment of metals for improved adhesion. Appl. Optics, 1995, 34, 581–584.

26.

Lawrence

Wettability characteristics of an Al₂O₃/SIO₂ based ceramic modified with CO₂, Nd:YAG, excimer and high power diode lasers. J. Phys. D: Appl. Phys., 1999, 32, 1075–1082.

27.

Lawrence

Spencer

J. T.

Diode laser modification of ceramic material surface properties for improved wettability and adhesion. Appl. Surf. Sci., 1999, 138–139, 388–393.

28.

Lawrence

On the predominant mechanisms active during the high power diode laser modification of the wettability characteristics of an SiO₂/Al₂O₃-based ceramic material. Proc. R. Soc. Lond. A, 2002, 2026, 2445–2463.

29.

Hao

Lawrence

CO₂ laser modification of wettability characteristics of a magnesia partially stabilised zirconia (MgO-PSZ) bioceramic. J. Phys. D: Appl. Phys., 2003, 36(11), 1292–1299.

30.

Hao

Lawrence

Effects of CO₂ laser radiation on the wettability characteristics and human skin fibroblast cell response of magnesia partially stabilised zirconia. J. Mater. Sci. Engng C, 2003, 23, 627–639.

31.

Kinloch

A. J.

Adhesion and Adhesives: Science and Technology, 1987, p. 30 (Chapman and Hall, London).

32.

Esquivel

Mazumder

Bass

Copely

S. M.

Microstructural formation according to the theory of constitutional supercooling. In Rapid Solidification Processing, Principles and Technologies II (Eds Mehrabian

Kear

B. H.

Cohen

), 1980, pp. 150–173 (Claitor's Publishing Division, Baton Rouge, Louisiana).

33.

Chadwick

G. A.

Constitutional supercooling and microsegregation. In Fractional Solidification (Eds Zief

Wilcox

W. R.

), 1967, pp. 120–128 (Academic Press, New York).

34.

Holmes

E. L.

Rutter

J. W.

Winegard

W. C.

Growth conditions for stability of a cellular solid-liquid interface. Can. J. Phys., 1957, 35, 1223–1227.

35.

Liu

Surface modification of materials using high power lasers and an arc image intensifier. PhD thesis, University of Liverpool, 1991.

36.

Rivindram

Srinivasan

Marathe

A. G.

Finite element study on the role of convection in laser surface melting. Numer. Heat Transfer, 1994, 26, 601–618.

37.

Morvan

Cipriani

F. D.

Bournot

Thermocapillary convection during laser surface melting. Int. J. Heat Mass Transfer, 1994, 37, 1973–1983.

38.

Pei

Y. T.

Ouyang

J. H.

Lei

T. C.

Laser cladding of ZrO₂-(Ni alloy) composite coating. Surf. Coatings Technol., 1996, 81, 131–135.

39.

Shih

C. H. S.

Molian

P. A.

McCallum

R. W.

Balachandran

Laser surface refinement of YBa₂Cu₃O_x superconductor. J. Mater. Sci., 1994, 29, 1629–1635.

40.

Shieh

Y. N.

Rawlings

R. D.

West

D. R. F.

Laser processing of ceramics of the SiO₂-Al₂O₃ system. J. Mater. Sci., 1994, 29, 5285–5292.

41.

McCallum

R. W.

Kramer

M. J.

Weir

S. T.

Phase diagram effects in rapid thermal processing of REBa₂Cu₃O_7*?

IEEE Trans. Appl. Supercond., 1993, 3, 1147–1149.

42.

Jaycock

M. J.

Parfitt

G. D.

Chemistry of Interfaces, 1981 (John Wiley, Chichester, West Sussex).

43.

Zisman

W. A.

Contact angle, wettability and adhesion. Adv. Chem. Ser., 1964, 43, 1–51.

44.

Ueki

Naka

Okamoto

Wettability of transition metal oxide surfaces. J. Mater. Sci. Lett., 1986, 5, 1261–1262.

45.

J. G.

Microscopic approach of adhesion and wetting of liquid metal on solid ionocovalent oxide surface. Rare Metals, 1993, 12, 84–96.

46.

Song

Netravali

A. N.

Excimer laser surface modification of ultro-high-strength polythene fibres for enhanced adhesion with epoxy resins. Part 1: Effect of laser operating parameters. J. Adhesion Sci. Technol., 1998, 9, 957–982.

47.

Song

Netravali

A. N.

Excimer laser surface modification of ultro-high-strength polythene fibres for enhanced adhesion with epoxy resins. Part 2: Effect of treatment environment. J. Adhesion Sci. Technol., 1998, 9, 983–998.

48.

Wenzel

R. N.

Resistance of solid surfaces to wetting by water. Ind. Engng Chem., 1936, 28, 988–994.

49.

Cassie

A. B. D.

Baxter

Wettability of porous surfaces. Trans. Faraday Soc., 1944, 40, 546–551.

50.

Zhou

X. B.

De Hosson

Th. M. J.

Influence of surface roughness on the wetting angle. J. Mater. Res., 1995, 10, 1984–1992.

51.

Neumann

A. W.

Contact angles: Thermodynamic status, measurement, interpretation and application. Adv. Colloid Interface Sci., 1974, 4, 105–192.

52.

Chow

T. S.

Wetting of rough surfaces. J. Phys.: Condensed Matter, 1998, 10, 445–451.

53.

Marsh

J. A.

Cazabat

A. M.

Dynamics of contact line depinning from a single defect. Phys. Rev. Lett., 1993, 71, 2433–2436.

54.

Ertas

Karder

Critical dynamics of contact line depinning. Phys. Rev. Lett., 1994, 49, 2532–2535.

55.

Feng

McCoy

B. J.

Munir

Z. A.

Cagliostro

Wettability of transition metal oxide surfaces. Mater. Sci. Engng, 1998, A1-A2, 50–56.

56.

Zhang

X. M.

Yue

T. M.

Man

H. C.

Enhancement of ceramic to metal adhesive bonding by excimer laser surface treatment. Mater. Lett., 1997, 30, 327–332.

57.

Lawrence

Laser Modification of the Wettlability Characteristics of Engineering Materials, 2001 (Professional Engineering Publishing Limited, Bury St Edmunds and London).

58.

Adam

N. K.

Elliott

G. E. P.

The effects of high temperature variations on contact angle measurements of vitreous enamels. J. Chem. Soc., 1958, 18, 2206–2215.

59.

Fowkes

F. M.

Attractive forces at interface. Ind. Engng Chem., 1964, 56, 40–52.

60.

Dann

J. R.

Forces involved in the adhesive process. I: Critical surface tensions of polymeric solids as determined with polar liquids. J. Colloid Interface Sci., 1970, 32, 302–320.

61.

Chattoraj

D. K.

Birdi

K. S.

Adsorption and the Gibbs Surface Excess, 1984 (Plenum, New York).

62.

Good

R. J.

Girifalco

L. A.

A theory for the estimation of surface and interfacial energies. Ill: Estimation of surface energies of solids from contact angle data. J. Phys. Chem., 1960, 64, 561–565.

63.

Agathopoulos

Nikolopoulos

Wettability and interfacial interactions in bioceramic-body-liquid system. Biomed. Mater. Res., 1995, 29, 421–429.