The development of the Sagnac interferometer to monitor the machining process in high-value-added machining processes is described. The instrumental requirements are non-contact measurement of acoustic emission, in the form of 0.1–1.0 MHz out-of-plane vibration, with amplitudes in the subnanometre range. The instrument was designed to detect acoustic emission by probing the surface of the rotating tool holder on the machine tool shaft. Experiments leading to the instrument design, face milling and slot milling machine tests and a comparison with earlier instrument designs are described.
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