On planar laser-induced fluorescence with multi-component fuel and tracer design for quantitative determination of fuel concentration in internal combustion engines
Restricted accessResearch articleFirst published online June, 2007
On planar laser-induced fluorescence with multi-component fuel and tracer design for quantitative determination of fuel concentration in internal combustion engines
This paper first presents an exposition of the theory relevant to quantitative planar laser-induced fluorescence measurements in an engine, at a level commensurate with the expertise of a specialist engineer. It is intended to provide a grounding in the technique, its theoretical basis, and a source of references. Second, this paper presents the design of a multi-component fuel and fuel tracer set that may be used for quantitative planar laser-induced fluoroscence (PLIF) where time and crank-angle resolved knowledge of the vaporization of different fuel fractions is required. Such a fuel is presented and shown to exceed the specifications of accepted single-component fuel tracers. The fuel distillation characteristics, construction, and key features are discussed in the context of the theory.
EckbrethA. C.Laser diagnostics for combustion temperature and species, 2nd edition, 1996 (Gordon and Breach Science Publishers, Amsterdam).
2.
Kohse-HöinghausK.JeffriesJ. B.Applied combustion diagnostics, 2002 (Taylor and Francis, New York).
3.
BrockhinkeA.AndresenP.KohsehoinghausK.Quantitative one-dimensional single-pulse multi-species concentration and temperature-measurement in the lift-off region of a turbulent H-2 air diffusion flame. Appl. Phys. B, Lasers Opt., 1995, 61 (6), 533–545.
4.
Kohse-HöinghausK.KamphusM.AlatorreG. G.AtakanB.SchockerA.BrockhinkeA.Concentration and temperature measurement in fuel-rich flames. C. R. Acad. Sci. Ser. IV, Phys. Astrophys., 2001, 2 (7), 973–982.
5.
BerlmanI. B.Handbook of fluorescence spectra of aromatic molecules, 2nd edition, 1971 (Academic Press, New York).
6.
HilbornR. C.Einstein coefficients, cross-sections, F values, dipole-moments, and all that. Am. J. Phys., 1982, 50 (11), 982–986.
7.
HilbornR. C.Correction. Am. J. Phys., 1983, 51 (5), 471–471.
8.
KochJ. D.HansonR. K.Temperature and excitation wavelength dependencies of 3-pentanone absorption and fluorescence for PLIF applications. Appl. Phys. B, Lasers Opt., 2003, 76 (3), 319–324.
9.
GrossmannF.MonkhouseP. B.RidderM.SickV.WolfrumJ.Temperature and pressure dependences of the laser-induced fluorescence of gas-phase acetone and 3-pentanone. Appl. Phys. B, Lasers Opt., 1996, 62 (3), 249–253.
10.
KobanW.KochJ. D.HansonR. K.SchulzC.Oxygen quenching of toluene fluorescence at elevated temperatures. Appl. Phys. B, Lasers Opt., 2005, 80 (6), 777–784.
11.
KobanW.SchorrJ.SchulzC.Oxygen-distribution imaging with a novel two-tracer laser-induced fluorescence technique. Appl. Phys. B, Lasers Opt., 2002, 74 (1), 111–114.
12.
KobanW.KochJ. D.HansonR. K.SchulzC.Toluene LIF at elevated temperatures: Implications for fuel-air ratio measurements. Appl. Phys. B, Lasers Opt., 2005, 80 (2), 147–150.
13.
KobanW.KochJ. D.HansonR. K.SchulzC.Absorption and fluorescence of toluene vapor at elevated temperatures. Phys. Chem. Chem. Phys., 2004, 6 (11), 2940–2945.
14.
de SerceyG.HeikalM.GoldM.BeggS.WoodR.AwcockG.LaguittonO. I.On the use of laser-induced fluorescence for the measurement of in-cylinder air-fuel ratios. Proc. Instn Mech. Engrs, Part C: J. Mechanical Engineering Science, 2002, 216 (10), 1017–1029.
15.
BerlmanI. B.Energy transfer parameters of aromatic compounds, 1973 (Academic Press, New York).
16.
SchulzC.SickV.Tracer-LIF diagnostics: Quantitative measurement of fuel concentration, temperature and fuel/air ratio in practical combustion systems. Prog. Energy Combust. Sci., 2005, 31 (1), 75–121.
17.
FriedenD.SickV.Investigation of the fuel injection, mixing and combustion processes in an SIDI engine using quasi-3D LIF imaging. SAE paper 2003–01-0068, 2003.
18.
MartinezR. D.BuitragoA. A.HowellN. W.HearnC. H.JoensJ. A.The near UV absorption-spectra of several aliphatic-aldehydes and ketones at 300 K. Atmospheric Environment Part A - General Topics, 1992, 26 (5), 785–792.
19.
WermuthN.SickV.Absorption and fluorescence data of acetone, 3-pentanone, biacetyl, and toluene at engine-specific combinations of temperature and pressure. SAE paper 2005–01-2090, 2005.
20.
KochJ. D.HansonR. K.KobanW.SchulzC.Rayleigh-calibrated fluorescence quantum yield measurements of acetone and 3-pentanone. Appl. Optics, 2004, 43 (31), 5901–5910.
21.
ItohT.KakuhoA.HishinumaH.UrushiahraT.TakagiY.HorieK.AsanoM.OgataE.YamasitaT.Development of a new compound fuel and fluorescent tracer combination for use with laser induced fluorescence. SAE paper 952465, 1995.
22.
TaitN. P.GreenhalghD. A.PLIF imaging of fuel fraction in practical devices and LII imaging of soot. Ber. Bunsen Phys. Chem. Chem. Phys., 1993, 97 (12), 1619–1625.
23.
HanD.SteeperR. R.Examination of iso-octane/ketone mixtures for quantitative LIF measurements in a DISI engine. SAE paper 2002–01-0837, 2002.
24.
SwindalJ. C.DragonettiD. P.HahnR.FurmanP. A.AckerW. P.In-cylinder homogeneity during cold-start studied with fluorescent tracers simulating different fuel distillation temperatures. SAE paper 950106, 1995.
25.
StyronJ. P.Kelly-ZionP. L.LeeC.-F.PetersJ. E.WhiteR. A.LuchtR. P.Multicomponent liquid and vapor fuel distribution measurements in the cylinder of a port-injected, spark-ignition engine. SAE paper 2000–01-0243, 2000.
26.
Van der WegeB. A.HochgrebS.Effects of fuel volatility and operating conditions on fuel sprays in DISI engines. SAE paper 2000–01-0535, 2000.
27.
PolingB. E.ReidR. C.PrausnitzJ. M.O'ConnellJ. P.The properties of gases and liquids, 5th edition, 2001 (McGraw-Hill, New York).
