Phosphorous (P) ion implantation was performed on a steel substrate to investigate the effect of the P implantation on the friction characteristics of steel lubricated with oil. To determine the characteristics of the P-implanted layer, several kinds of surface analyses were carried out, resulting in a correlation between the X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy depth profile and the thickness from spectroscopic ellipsometer. A three balls-on-disc tribometer was employed with sliding speeds ranging from 3 mm/s to 40 cm/s. The friction coefficient of the P-implanted steel was relatively lower at speeds below 10−1 m/s, compared with the unimplanted steel. This could account for both the sacrificing nature and the adhesion behaviour of the P-implanted layer.
OkabeH.OhkatsuY.Development of additives for petroleum products (Tokyo: CMC Publishing Co., Ltd 1998): 99–116 (in Japanese)
2.
NakadaM.‘Piston and piston ring tribology and fuel ecology’In Proceedings of the Japan International Tribology Conference, Yokohama, 1995, pp. 1667–1671.
3.
FujitaT.SpikesH. A.‘Study of zinc dialkyldithiophosphate antiwear film formation and removal processes, part II: Kinetic model’Tribol. Trans.48 (2005): 567–575
4.
IliucI.Tribology of thin layers (Tribology series 4) (Amsterdam: Elsevier Scientific Publishing Company1980): 62–64
5.
HivartP.HauwB.BricoutJ. P.OudinJ.‘Seizure behaviour of manganese phosphate coatings according to the process conditions’Tribol. Int.30 (1997): 561–570
6.
HivartP.HauwB.CramponJ.BricoutJ. P.‘Annealing improvement of tribological properties of manganese phosphate coatings’Wear219 (1998): 195–204
7.
CulbertsonR. J.BurnsF. C.FranzenW.LowderL. J.RiccaJ. J.GonzalesA.‘Performance evaluation of ion-implanted cutting tools and dies’Nucl. Instrum. Methods Phys. Res. B 56/57 (1991): 652–655
8.
BraunM.‘Reduced wear and cladding performances of several materials by nitrogen ion implantation’Nucl. Instrum. Methods Phys. Res. B 59-60 (1991): 914–919
9.
KulkarniA. V.MateN.KanetkarS. M.OgaleS. B.WaghB. G.‘Effects of nitrogen ion implantation on the mechanical properties of laser-deposited thin films of TiC and TiN on stainless steel’Surf. Coat. Technol. 54-55 (1992): 508–515
10.
PerryA. J.TreglioJ. R.BhatD. G.BoppanaS. P.KattamisT. Z.SchlichtingK.DearnaleyG.GeistD. E.‘Effect of ion implantation on the residual stress, tribological and machining behavior of CVD and PVD TiN coated cemented carbide cutting tool inserts’Surf. Coat. Technol. 68-69 (1994): 294–300
11.
RoosJ. R.CelisJ. P.FranckM.PattynH.‘Fretting wear of carbon-ion-implanted physical-vapour-deposited TiN coatings’Surf. Coat. Technol.45 (1991): 89–98
12.
FranckM.BlanpainB.CelisJ. P.RoosJ. R.PattynH.‘Carbonaceous surface layers deposited on TiN coatings by ion implantation’J. Vac. Sci. Technol. B12 (1994): 981–985
13.
MitsuoA.KandaK.AizawaT.‘Friction and wear properties of carbon-ion implanted titanium nitride films’Surf. Coat. Technol. 128-129 (2000): 440–445
14.
MitsuoA.AizawaT.‘Effect of chlorine distribution profiles on tribological properties for chlorine-implanted titanium nitride films’Surf. Coat. Technol. 158-159 (2002): 694–698
15.
AizawaT.AkhadejdamrongT.MitsuoA.‘Self-lubrication of nitride ceramic coating by the chlorine ion implantation’Surf. Coat. Technol. 177-178 (2004): 573–581
16.
MitsuoA.UchidaS.YamamotoS.AizawaT.‘Improvement of cutting performance for carbide tools via chlorine ion implantation’Surf. Coat. Technol. 188-189 (2004): 630–635
17.
JellisonG. E.‘Spectroscopic ellipsometry data analysis: Measured versus calculated quantities’Thin Solid Films 313-314 (1998): 33–39
18.
AokiS.SuzukiA.MasukoM.‘Characterization of the reaction film formed by zinc dialkyldithiophosphate using two different ellipsometric analyses’Thin Solid Films517 (2008): 560–567
19.
ZieglerJ. F.BiersackJ. P.LittmarkU.The stopping and range of ions in solids (New York: Pergamon Press1985)
20.
SilversteinR. M.BasslerG. C.Spectrometric identification of organic compounds (New York: John Wiley & Sons1967): 2nd edition, 1967, p. 108.
21.
PirasF. M.RossiA.SpencerN. D.‘Growth of tribological films: in situ characterization based on attenuated total reflection infrared spectroscopy’Langmuir18 (2002): 6606–6613
22.
PirasF. M.RossiA.SpencerN. D.‘Combined in situ (ATR FT-IR) and ex situ (XPS) study of the ZnDTP-iron surface interaction’Tribol. Lett.153 (2003): 181–191
23.
KhawajaE. E.DurraniS. M. A.Al-AdelF. F.SalimM. A.HussainM. S.‘X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy and Fourier transform-infrared studies of transition metal phosphate glasses’J. Mater. Sci.30 (1995): 225–234
24.
BowdenF. P.TaborD.The friction and lubrication of solids (New York: Oxford University Press1968): 90–119
