The effect of die design, billet location, billet volume variation, billet geometry, friction and die expansion, on forging loads and forged dimensions are investigated, for solid cylinders forged in completely closed die cavities.
Forging tests were carried out on both a 2000 kN mechanical press and a 3000 kN hydraulic testing machine using BS 080M40 steel and commercially pure aluminium.
The results show that the above factors can significantly affect forging load requirements and die cavity filling. They provide a basis of information for commercial development of net-shape or near-net-shape forging processes.
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