An Assessment of the Effectiveness of Sketch Representations in Early Stage Digital Design

Abstract

This paper presents an experimental approach that examines the response of non-architects to three virtual representations of architecture within a non- immersive Virtual Reality (VR) environment. It investigates the use of current digital technologies in their ability to facilitate early design stage sketch representation and explores the communication of early stage digital design proposals in order to determine the effect of representation type upon perception.

References

Petric

Ucelli

Conti

, Real Teaching and Learning through Virtual Worlds in Koszewski

and Wrona

, eds. Design e-ducation: Connecting the Real and the Virtual Proceedings of the 20th eCAADe Conference, Warsaw, Poland 72–79, 2002.

Kalisperis

Otto

Muramoto

Gundrum

J. S.

Masters

Orland

Virtual Reality/Space Visualisation in Design Education: The VR-Desktop Initiative Worlds in Koszewski

and Wrona

, eds. Design e-ducation: Connecting the Real and the Virtual Proceedings of the 20th eCAADe Conference, Warsaw, Poland 64–71, 2002.

Daru

, Sketch as Sketch Can: Design Sketching with Imperfect Aids and Sketchpads of the Future, in eCAADe 1991 Conference, Munich 162–182, 1991.

Purcell

A.T.

and Gero

G. S.

, Drawings and the Design Process, Design Studies, 19 (4), 389–430, 1998.

Achten

De Vries

and Jessurun

, DDDOOLZ: A Virtual Reality Sketch Tool for Early Design http://www.ds.arch.tue.nl/Research/Publications/henri/CAADRIA2000_Achten_deVries_Jessurun.pdf [10-07-2003].

@Last Software, SketchUp(tm) http://www.sketchup.com/sketchup.php [01-08-2003].

Gross

M. D.

, The Electronic Cocktail Napkin – A Computational Environment for Working with Design Diagrams, Design Studies, 17, 53–69, 1996.

Schweikardt

and Gross

M. D.

, Digital Clay: Deriving Digital Models from Freehand Sketches, ACADIA 98, Quebec City, Canada, 202–211, 1998.

Zeleznik

R. C.

Herndon

K. P.

and Hughes

J. F.

, SKETCH: An Interface for Sketching 3D Scenes http://www.cs.brown.edu/research/graphics/research/pub/papers/sig96-sketch/sig.html [10-07-2003]

10.

Schnabel

M.A.

and Kvan

, Design Communication in Immersive Virtual Environments: An initial exploration in Penttilä

, ed., Architectural Information Management, Proceedings of the 19th eCAADe Conference, Helsinki, Finland 472–478, 2001.

11.

Hershberger

, A Study of Meaning and Architecture PhD Thesis, University of Pennsylvania, USA, 1969.

12.

Bassanino

M. N.

, The Perception of Computer Generated Architectural Images PhD Thesis, University of Liverpool, UK, 1999.

13.

Porter

, The Architect's Eye, E & FN Spon UK, 1997.

14.

Van Bakergem

W. D.

and Obata

, Free Hand Plotting Is it Live or Is It Digital? CAAD Futures' 91 International Conferences for Computer Aided Design, 567–82, 1991.

15.

Hall

, Letting the Public in on Design Control, Town And Country Planning March, 83–95, 1992.

16.

Richens

and Schofield

, Interactive Computer Rendering http://www.arct.cam.ac.uk/research/pubs/pdfs/rich95b.pdf [08-04-2003]

17.

Stea

, Participatory Planning and Design in Intercultural and International Practice in Canter

, ed., New Directions in Environmental Participation, Averbury, UK50–67, 1998.

18.

Schmitt

, Expert Systems in Design Abstraction and Evaluation in Kalay

Y. E.

, ed., Computability of Design, Wiley, New York 213–244, 1987.

19.

Witmer

B. G.

and Singer

M. J.

, Measuring Presence in Virtual Environments: A Presence Questionnaire, Presence: Teleoperators And Virtual Environments, 7 (3), MIT Press 225–240, 1998.

20.

Slater

and Steed

A Virtual Presence Counter, Presence: Teleoperators And Virtual Environments, 8 (5), MIT Press 413–434, 2000.

21.

Tovey

and Porter

, Sketching, Concept Development and Automotive Design, Design Studies, 24 (2), 135–153, 2003.