This paper presents the integrate procedure for the documentation and fabrication of the 3D Digital Terrestrial Model (DTM) of inaccessible and rough surfaces. The proposed procedure combines the use of modern Image Assisted Total Stations (IATS) with Rapid Prototyping (RP) Technology. The determination of the measurement accuracy, as well as, the a-priori estimation of σo of the surface creation is achieved by using the Monte Carlo technique and the least square method. Also, basic concepts and principles of RP technologies are presented. The application of the procedure was realized at the difficult and inhospitable area of the central crater “Stefanos” on Nisyros Island's Volcano, Greece. The a-priori calculation of the minimum essential scanning step, as well as, the testing use of two IATSs is included. Additionally, the elaboration and the special algorithms used for the actual RP fabrication of the crater's tangible model are illustrated. Finally a scholastic check of the model's reliability is applied.
AbbenaE.GrayA.SalamonS., 2006. Modern Differential Geometry of Curves and Surfaces with Mathematica, Third Edition (Studies in Advanced Mathematics).
2.
AlkhatibH.NeumannI.KuttererH., 2009. Uncertainty modeling of random and systematic errors by means of Monte Carlo and fuzzy techniques. Journal of Applied Geodesy. Volume 3, Issue 2, Pages 67–79, DOI: 10.1515/JAG.2009.008.
DimitrovD.SchreveK.de BeerN., 2006. Advances in three dimensional printing – state of the art and future perspectives, Rapid Prototyping Journal, Vol. 12Iss: 3, pp. 136 – 147.
FischerT.BurryM.FrazerJ., 2005. Triangulation of generative form for parametric design and rapid prototyping, Automation in Construction, Volume 14, Issue 2, Pages 233–240, ISSN 0926–5805, https://dx-doi-org.web.bisu.edu.cn/10.1016/j.autcon.2004.07.004.
7.
GotsisV., 2012. Modeling of geometric and non-geometric surfaces by using spatial imaging stations (In Greek), Diploma thesis.
8.
HaiH., 2008. 3D Terrestrial Laser Scanning For Application In Earthwork And Topographical Surveys, University of Southern Queensland, Faculty of Engineering and Surveying, Bachelor of Spatial Science (Surveying).
9.
JauharS.AsthankarK.M.KutheA.M., 2012. Cost benefit analysis of Rapid Manufacturing in Automotive Industries, Advances in Mechanical Engineering and its Applications (AMEA), Vol. 2, No. 3, pp. 181–188, ISSN 2167–6380.
10.
JCGM 101:2008, 2008. Evaluation of measurement data – Supplement 1 to the “Guide to the expression of uncertainty in measurement – Propagation of distributions using a Monte Carlo method.
11.
KumarV., 1997. An assessment of data formats for layered manufacturing, Advances in Engineering Software28.3:151–164.
12.
LagiosE.SakkasV.Parcharidis IsDietrichV., 2005. Ground deformation of Nisyros Volcano (Greece) for the period 1995–2002: Results from DInSAR and DGPS observations, Bull Volcanol68:201–214, DOI 10.1007/s00445-005-0004-y.
13.
LagiosE.VassilopoulouS.SakkasV.DietrichV.DamiataB.N.GanasA., 2007. Testing satellite and ground thermal imaging of low-temperature fumarolic fields: The dormant Nisyros Volcano (Greece), ISPRS Journal of Photogrammetry & Remote Sensing 62, pp 447–460.
14.
LambrouE.PantazisG., 2006. A new geodetic methodology for the accurate documentation and monitoring of inaccessible surfaces. Proceedings of “3rd IAG symposium on Geodesy for Geotechnical and Structural Engineering and 12th International FIG symposium on deformation measurements”, Baden, Austria.
15.
Li YanY.ZhangS.R.Wu LinF.LuR.Q.XiongZ., 2009. Rapid Prototyping and Manufacturing Technology: Principle, Representative Technics, Applications, and Development Trends. Tsinghua Science Technology, 14(June), 1–12. doi:10.1016/S1007–0214(09)70059–8.
16.
PantazisG.NikolitsasK., 2011. Assessing the use of “light” laser scanners and the Monte Carlo technique for the documentation of geometric surfaces, FIG Working Week 2011, Bridging the Gap between Cultures, Marrakech, Morocco.
17.
PesciA.TezaG.CasulaG.FabrisM.BonforteA., 2013. Remote Sensing and Geodetic Measurements for Volcanic Slope Monitoring: Surface Variations Measured at Northern Flank of La Fossa Cone (Vulcano Island, Italy), Remote Sensing, ISSN 2072–42922238–2256, doi:10.3390/rs5052238.
18.
PhamD. T.DimovS. S., 2001. Rapid Manufacturing: The technologies & applications of Rapid Prototyping and Rapid Tooling, Springer, London, UK.
19.
PolydorasS.SfantsikopoulosM.ProvatidisC., 2011. Rational Embracing of Modern Prototyping Capable Design Technologies into the Tools Pool of Product Design Teams, ISRN Mechanical Engineering, vol. 2011, Article ID 739892, 12 pages, 2011. doi:10.5402/2011/739892.
20.
RaseW.D.2002. Physical models of GIS objects by rapid prototyping, geospatial theory, processing and applications, Proceedings of the ISPRS Technical Commission IV Symposium 2002, The International Archives of the Photogrammetry, Remote Sensing and Spatial Information Sciences, GITC, available at: www.isprs.org/commission4/proceedings/pdfpapers/237.pdf.
21.
ReitererA.LehmannM.MiljanovicM.AliH.PaarG.EglyU.EiterT.KahmenH., 2008. Deformation monitoring using a new kind of optical 3d measurement system: Components and perspectives. Proceedings of 13th fig international symposium on deformation measurements and analysis and 4th IAG symposium on geodesy for geotechnical and Structural engineering. Lisboa.
22.
RubinsteinR.Y., 1981. Simulation and the Monte Carlo method. John Wiley & Sons, New York.
23.
SchererM.LermaJ. L., 2009. From the Conventional Total Station to the Prospective Image Assisted Photogrammetric Scanning Total Station: Comprehensive Review. Journal of Surveying Engineering, Vol. 135, No. 4, November 2009, pp. 173–178, (doi: https://dx-doi-org.web.bisu.edu.cn/10.1061/(ASCE)0733–9453(2009)135:4(173).
24.
Topcon Corporation Tokyo, Japan, 2009. Instruction manual Imaging Station IS. Trimble Navigation Limited 2008. Sunnyvale, California 94085, 2009. Users manual for Trimble Vx.
25.
VassilopoulouS.HurniL.DietrichV.BaltsaviasE.PaterakiM.LagiosE.Parcharidis Is, 2002. Orthophoto generation using IKONOS imagery and high-resolution DEM: A case study on volcanic hazard monitoring of Nisyros Island (Greece), ISPRS Journal of Photogrammetry & Remote Sensing57, pp 24–38.
26.
WangW.ConleyJ. G.StollH. W., 1999. Rapid tooling for sand casting using laminated object manufacturing process, Rapid Prototyping Journal, Vol. 5Iss: 3, pp. 134–141.
