Hormonal Birth Control and Pregnancy: A Comparative Analysis of Thromboembolic Risk

Grimes DA . Venous thromboembolism and desogestrelor gestodene-containing combination oral contraceptives: what are the facts? Contraception Rep 1996; 7 (1)1–15.

Farmer R . Safety of modern oral contraceptives (letter). Lancet 1996; 347: 259.

Persaud R . Oral contraceptives and venous thromboembolism (letter). Lancet 1995; 346: 1430–1.

Francombe H . Pill's risk not to be taken lightly: study. Aust Doctor 2000; (June 30):3.

New Zealand Ministry of Health: media release March 3, 1999. Ministry advice on pill consistent, consensual and commonsense. www.moh.govt.nz (accessed 2003 Feb 5).

Mishell DR Jr . Cardiovascular risks: perception versus reality. Contraception 1999; 59 (1 suppl): 215–45.

Grimes DA . Desogestrel-and gestodene-containing combination OC's and venous thromboembolism: where are we now? Contraception Rep 1999; 10 (1): 4–8.

McPherson K . Third generation oral contraception and venous thromboembolism. BMJ 1996; 312: 68–9.

Grant EC . Dangers of suppressing menstruation (letter). Lancet 2000; 356: 513.

Ashraf H . UK high court dismisses risk of VTE in “pill” test case. Lancet 2002; 360: 391.

Skegg CG . Pitfalls of pharmacoepidemiology. BMJ 2000; 321: 1171–2.

van Heteren G . Wyeth suppresses research on pill. Programme claims (letter). BMJ 2001; 322: 571.

Brock P . Wyeth responds to news story on oral contraceptives and DVT (letter). BMJ 2001; 322: 1605.

Lidegaard O Edstrom B Kreiner S . Oral contraceptives and venous thromboembolism. Contraception 1998; 57: 291–301.

Lawrenson RA Whalley A Simpson E Farmer RDT . DoH seems to have underestimated incidence of venous thromboembolism in users of combined oral contraceptives (letter). BMJ 1999; 319: 387.

Weiss G . Risk of venous thromboembolism with third-generation contraceptives: a review. Am J Obstet Gynecol 1999; 180:(2 pt 2): S295–301.

Greer IA . Thrombosis in pregnancy: maternal and fetal issues. Lancet 1999; 353: 1258–65.

Vandenbroucke JP Helmerhorst FM Bloemenkamp KWM Rosendaal FR . Third-generation oral contraceptive and deep venous thrombosis: from epidemiologic controversy to new insight in coagulation. Am J Obstet Gynecol 1997; 177: 887–91.

Herings RMC Urquhart J Leufkens HGM . Venous thromboembolism among new users of different oral contraceptives. Lancet 1999; 354: 127–8.

Herings RMC Urquhart J Leufkens HGM . Venous thromboembolism and oral contraceptives. Lancet 1999; 354: 1469–70. [erratum 1999; 354: 1478].

Vandenbroucke JP Bloemenkamp KWM Middeldorp S Helmerhorst FM Bouma BN Rosendaal FR . Oral contraceptives and the risk of venous thrombosis. N Engl J Med 2001; 344: 1527–1535.

Spitzer WO Lewis MA Heinemann LA Thorogood M MacRae KD . Third generation oral contraceptives and risk of venous thromboembolic disorders: an international case–control study. BMJ 1996; 31; 83–8.

Hague WM North RA Gallus AS Walters BN Orlikowski C Burrows RF , Anticoagulation in pregnancy and the puerperium. Med J Aust 2001; 175: 258–63.

Rosing J Middledorp S Curvers J Christella M Thomassen LGD Nicolaes GA , Low-dose oral contraceptives and acquired resistance to activated protein C: a randomised cross-over study. Lancet 1999; 354: 2036–40.

Suissa S Blais L Spitzer WO Cusson J Lewis M Heinemann L . First-ever use of newer oral contraceptives and the risk of venous thromboembolism. Contraception 1997; 56: 141–6.

Farmer RDT Williams TJ Simpson EL Nightingale AL . Effect of the 1995 pill scare on rates of venous thromboembolism among women taking combined oral contraceptives: analysis of General Practice Research Database. BMJ 2000; 321: 477–9.

Australian Adverse Drug Reactions Bulletin. vol 21, No. 2, June 2002. www.health.gov.au/tga/docs/html/aadrbltn/aadr0206.htm#ven (accessed 2003 Feb 5).

Sorensen MB Collins P Ong PJL Webb CM Hayward CS Asbury EA , Long-term use of contraceptive depot medroxyprogesterone acetate in young women impairs arterial endothelial function assessed by cardiovascular magnetic resonance. Circulation 2002; 106: 1646–51.

Tang OS Tang G Yip P Li B Fan S . Long-term depot-medroxyprogesterone acetate and bone mineral density. Contraception 1999; 59: 25–9.

Larimore WL Stanford JB . Postfertilization effects of oral contraceptives and their relationship to informed consent. Arch Family Med 2000; 9: 126–33.

A prospective multi-centre trial of ovulation method of natural family planning. II. The effectiveness phase. Fert Steril 1981; 36: 591–8.

Fu H Darroch JE Haas T Ranjit N . Contraceptive failure rates: new estimates from the 1995 National Survey of Family Growth. Fam Plann Perspect 1999; 31: 56–63.