Use of oral anticancer agents is gaining wide acceptance in the treatment of cancer. However, patients receiving oral therapy are at high risk for drug–drug interactions (DDIs).
Objective:
To create a drug profile for each clinically significant DDI involving selected oral anticancer agents and evaluate the agreement between 2 commonly used DDI compendia: Drug Interaction Facts (DIF) 2008 and Micromedex DRUGDEX.
Methods:
DDI profiles were developed based on primary and tertiary literature reviews. DIF 2008 and Micromedex DRUGDEX were compared to assess the consistency of listings, severity, and scientific evidence ratings of DDIs involving the oral anticancer agents that were selected. The Spearman correlation test was used to assess the correlation of the severity ratings between the 2 compendia.
Results:
A total of 184 DDIs were identified. A DDI profile was created for 40 of these that met the predetermined criteria for clinically significant interactions. The comparative assessment showed inconsistency in DDI listings (15.2% of those identified were listed in DIF only and 46.7% were listed in Micromedex only), severity ratings (Spearman correlation coefficient 0.49), and scientific evidence ratings (disagreement 25.8%).
Conclusions:
The discrepancies in DDI listing and rating systems between the compendia evaluated here reflect the need for more studies to standardize the definitions and classifications of DDIs.
KarasSJr.The potential for drug interactions. Ann Emerg Med1981; 10: 627-30.
2.
RiechelmannRP, TannockIF, WangL, SaadED, TabackNA, KrzyzanowskaMK. Potential drug interactions and duplicate prescriptions among cancer patients. J Natl Cancer Inst2007; 99: 592-600.
3.
SokolKC, KnudsenJF, LiMM. Polypharmacy in older oncology patients and the need for an interdisciplinary approach to side-effect management. J Clin Pharm Ther2007; 32: 169-75.
4.
AisnerJ.Overview of the changing paradigm in cancer treatment: oral chemotherapy. Am J Health Syst Pharm2007; 64(suppl 5): S4-7.
5.
RiechelmannRP, SaadED. A systematic review on drug interactions in oncology. Cancer Invest2006; 24: 704-12.
6.
AbarcaJ, MaloneDC, ArmstrongEP. Concordance of severity ratings provided in four drug interaction compendia. J Am Pharm Assoc2004; 44: 136-41.
7.
FuldaTR, ValuckRJ, ZandenJV, ParkerS, ByrnsPJ. Disagreement among drug compendia on inclusion and rating of drug–drug interactions. Curr Ther Res2000; 61: 540-8.
8.
VitryAI. Comparative assessment of four drug interaction compendia. Br J Clin Pharmacol2007; 63: 709-14.
9.
TatroDS. Drug interaction facts. In: Facts and comparisons. St. Louis: Wolters Kluwer, 2008.
10.
DRUGDEX System [intranet database]. Version 5.1. Greenwood Village, CO: Thomson Healthcare, 2007Oct.
11.
SingletonJD, ConyersL.Warfarin and azathioprine: an important drug interaction. Am J Med1992; 92: 217.
12.
RivierG, KhamashtaMA, HughesGR. Warfarin and azathioprine: a drug interaction does exist. Am J Med1993; 95: 342.
13.
RotenbergM, LevyY, ShoenfeldY, AlmogS, EzraD.Effect of azathioprine on the anticoagulant activity of warfarin (letter). Ann Pharmacother2000; 34: 120-2. DOI 10.1345/aph.19148
14.
HavrdaDE, RathbunS, ScheidD.A case report of warfarin resistance due to azathioprine and review of the literature. Pharmacotherapy2001; 21: 355-7.
15.
LevineAS, SharpHL, MitchellJ, KrivitW, NesbitME. Combination therapy with 6-mercaptopurine (NSC-755) and allopurinol (NSC-1390) during induction and maintenance of remission of acute leukemia in children. Cancer Chemother Rep1969; 53: 53-7.
16.
NiesAS, OatesJA. Clinicopathologic conference: hypertension and the lupus syndrome—revisited. Am J Med1971; 51: 812-4.
17.
BernsA, RubenfeldS, RymzoWTJr, CalabroJJ. Hazard of combining allopurinol and thiopurine. N Engl J Med1972; 286: 730-1.
18.
ZazgornikJ, KopsaH, SchmidtP, PilsP, KuschanK, DeutschE.Increased danger of bone marrow damage in simultaneous azathioprine–allopurinol therapy. Int J Clin Pharmacol Ther Toxicol1981; 19: 96-7.
19.
BrooksRJ, DorrRT, DurieBG. Interaction of allopurinol with 6-mercaptopurine and azathioprine. Biomed Pharmacother1982; 36: 217-22.
ZimmS, CollinsJM, O'neillD, ChabnerBA, PoplackDG. Inhibition of first-pass metabolism in cancer chemotherapy: interaction of 6-mercaptopurine and allopurinol. Clin Pharmacol Ther1983; 34: 810-7.
CumminsD, SekarM, HalilO, BannerN.Myelosuppression associated with azathioprine–allopurinol interaction after heart and lung transplantation. Transplantation1996; 61: 1661-2.
24.
KennedyDT, HayneyMS, LakeKD. Azathioprine and allopurinol: the price of an avoidable drug interaction. Ann Pharmacother1996; 30: 951-4. Epub 12 Jul 2005. DOI 10.1345/aph.1G153
NilssonC, AschanJ, HentschkeP, RingdenO, LjungmanP, HassanM.The effect of metronidazole on busulfan pharmacokinetics in patients undergoing hematopoietic stem cell transplantation. Bone Marrow Transplant2003; 31: 429-35.
27.
Product information.Myleran tablets (busulfan). Research Triangle Park, NC: GlaxoSmithKline, 2005.
28.
BuggiaI, ZeccaM, AlessandrinoEP. Itraconazole can increase systemic exposure to busulfan in patients given bone marrow transplantation. GITMO (Gruppo Italiano Trapianto di Midollo Osseo). Anticancer Res1996; 16: 2083-8.
CopurMS, LedakisP, BoltonM. An adverse interaction between warfarin and capecitabine: a case report and review of the literature. Clin Colorectal Cancer2001; 1: 182-4.
31.
CamidgeR, ReignerB, CassidyJ. Significant effect of capecitabine on the pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of warfarin in patients with cancer. J Clin Oncol2005; 23: 4719-25.
32.
JanneyLM, WaterburyNV. Capecitabine–warfarin interaction. Ann Pharmacother2005; 39: 1546-51.
33.
YildirimY, OzyilkanO, AkcaliZ, BasturkB.Drug interaction between capecitabine and warfarin: a case report and review of the literature. Int J Clin Pharmacol Ther2006; 44: 80-2.
34.
KuhlmannJ, ZillyW, WilkeJ.Effects of cytostatic drugs on plasma level and renal excretion of beta-acetyldigoxin. Clin Pharmacol Ther1981; 30: 518-27.
35.
BjornssonTD, HuangAT, RothP, JacobDS, ChristensonR.Effects of high-dose cancer chemotherapy on the absorption of digoxin in two different formulations. Clin Pharmacol Ther1986; 39: 25-8.
36.
WangRI, RossCA. Prolonged apnea following succinylcholine in cancer patients receiving AB-132. Anesthesiology1963; 24: 363-7.
37.
MoneJG, MathieWE. Qualitative defects of pseudocholinesterase activity. Anaesthesia1967; 22: 55-68.
38.
GurmanGM. Prolonged apnea after succinylcholine in a case treated with cytostatics for cancer. Anesth Analg1972; 51: 761-5.
39.
ZsigmondEK, RobinsG.The effect of a series of anti-cancer drugs on plasma cholinesterase activity. Can Anaesth Soc J1972; 19: 75-82.
40.
DillmanJB. Safe use of succinylcholine during repeated anesthetics in a patient treated with cyclophosphamide. Anesth Analg1987; 66: 351-3.
41.
EstherV, JaapV, SchellensJ.Antineoplastic agents: drug interactions of clinical significance. Drug Saf1995; 12 (3): 168-83.
42.
WalkerIR, ZapfPW, MackayIR. Cyclophosphamide, cholinesterase and anaesthesia. Aust N Z J Med1972; 2: 247-51.
LumBL, KaubischS, YahandaAM. Alteration of etoposide pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics by cyclosporine in a phase I trial to modulate multidrug resistance. J Clin Oncol1992; 10: 1635-42.
45.
YahandaAM, AlderKM, FisherGA. Phase I trial of etoposide with cyclosporine as a modulator of multidrug resistance. J Clin Oncol1992; 10: 1624-34.
46.
LumBL, FisherGA, BrophyNA. Clinical trials of modulation of multidrug resistance. Pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic considerations. Cancer1993; 72: 3502-14.
47.
LumBL, KaubischS, FisherGA, BrownBW, SikicBI. Effect of high-dose cyclosporine on etoposide pharmacodynamics in a trial to reverse P-glycoprotein (MDR1 gene) mediated drug resistance. Cancer Chemother Pharmacol2000; 45: 305-11.
48.
LacayoNJ, LumBL, BectonDL. Pharmacokinetic interactions of cyclosporine with etoposide and mitoxantrone in children with acute myeloid leukemia. Leukemia2002; 16: 920-7.
49.
OnodaS, MitsufujiH, YanaseN. Drug interaction between gefitinib and warfarin. Jpn J Clin Oncol2005; 35: 478-82.
50.
Product information.Iressa (gefitinib). Macclesfield, Cheshire, UK: AstraZeneca UK Limited, 2005.
51.
SwaislandHC, RansonM, SmithRP. Pharmacokinetic drug interactions of gefitinib with rifampicin, itraconazole and metoprolol. Clin Pharmacokinet2005; 44: 1067-81.
52.
BoltonAE, PengB, HubertM. Effect of rifampicin on the pharmacokinetics of imatinib mesylate (Gleevec, STI571) in healthy subjects. Cancer Chemother Pharmacol2004; 53: 102-6.
53.
Product information.Gleevec (imatinib mesylate). East Hanover, NJ: Novartis, 2006.
54.
deGroot JW, ZonnenbergBA, PlukkerJT, van DerGraaf WT, LinksTP. Imatinib induces hypothyroidism in patients receiving levothyroxine. Clin Pharmacol Ther2005; 78: 433-8.
55.
deGroot JW, LinksTP, van derGraaf WT. Tyrosine kinase inhibitors causing hypothyroidism in a patient on levothyroxine. Ann Oncol2006; 17: 1719-20.
56.
SpiersAS, MibashanRS. Increased warfarin requirement during mercaptopurine therapy: a new drug interaction (letter). Lancet1974; 2: 221-2.
57.
MartiniA, JahnchenE.Studies in rats on the mechanism by which 6-mercaptopurine inhibits the anticoagulant effect of warfarin. J Pharmacol Exp Ther1977; 201: 547-53.
58.
MartinLA, MehtaSD. Diminished anticoagulant effects of warfarin with concomitant mercaptopurine therapy. Pharmacotherapy2003; 23: 260-4.
59.
ElionGB, CallahanS, RundlesRW, HitchingsGH. Relationship between metabolic fates and antitumor activities of thiopurines. Cancer Res1963; 23: 1207-17.
DuleyJA, ChocairPR, FlorinTH. Observations on the use of allopurinol in combination with azathioprine or mercaptopurine. Aliment Pharmacol Ther2005; 22: 1161-2.
62.
NgHW, MacfarlaneAW, GrahamRM, VerbovJL. Near fatal drug interactions with methotrexate given for psoriasis. Br Med J (Clin Res Ed)1987; 295: 752-3.
63.
GovertJA, PattonS, FineRL. Pancytopenia from using trimethoprim and methotrexate. Ann Intern Med1992; 117: 877-8.
64.
SteuerA, GumpelJM. Methotrexate and trimethoprim: a fatal interaction. Br J Rheumatol1998; 37: 105-6.
65.
RivaR, AlbaniF, BaruzziA.On the interaction between phenytoin and antineoplastic agents (letter). Ther Drug Monit1985; 7: 123-6.
66.
JarosinskiPF, MoscowJA, AlexanderMS, LeskoLJ, BalisFM, PoplackDG. Altered phenytoin clearance during intensive chemotherapy for acute lymphoblastic leukemia. J Pediatr1988; 112: 996-9.
67.
KorstanjeMJ, van BredaVriesman CJ, van deStaak WJ. Cyclosporine and methotrexate: a dangerous combination. J Am Acad Dermatol1990; 23: 320-1.
68.
FoxR, MorganS, SmithH. Combined oral cyclosporin and methotrexate therapy in patients with rheumatoid arthritis elevates methotrexate levels and reduces 7-hydroxymethotrexate levels when compared with methotrexate alone. Rheumatology2003; 42: 6.
69.
NierenbergDW, MamelokRD. Toxic reaction to methotrexate in a patient receiving penicillin and furosemide: a possible interaction. Arch Dermatol1983; 119: 449-50.
70.
MayallB, PoggiG, ParkinJD. Neutropenia due to low-dose methotrexate therapy for psoriasis and rheumatoid arthritis may be fatal. Med J Aust1991; 155: 480-4.
71.
DeanR, NachmanJ, LorenzanaAN. Possible methotrexate–mezlocillin interaction. Am J Pediatr Hematol Oncol1992; 14: 88-9.
72.
RoncheraCL, HernandezT, PerisJE. Pharmacokinetic interaction between high-dose methotrexate and amoxycillin. Ther Drug Monit1993; 15: 375-9.
73.
YamamotoK, SawadaY, MatsushitaY, MoriwakiK, BesshoF, IgaT.Delayed elimination of methotrexate associated with piperacillin administration (letter). Ann Pharmacother1997; 31: 1261-2.
74.
TitierK, LagrangeF, PehourcqF, MooreN, MolimardM.Pharmacokinetic interaction between high-dose methotrexate and oxacillin. Ther Drug Monit2002; 24: 570-2.
75.
MaicheAG. Acute renal failure due to concomitant action of methotrexate and indomethacin. Lancet1986; 1: 1390.
76.
ThyssA, MilanoG, KubarJ, NamerM, SchneiderM.Clinical and pharmacokinetic evidence of a life-threatening interaction between methotrexate and ketoprofen. Lancet1986; 1: 256-8.
77.
SinghRR, MalaviyaAN, PandeyJN, GuleriaJS. Fatal interaction between methotrexate and naproxen. Lancet1986; 1: 1390.
78.
StockleyIH. Methotrexate–NSAID interactions (letter). Drug Intell Clin Pharm1987; 21: 546.
79.
DupuisLL, KorenG, ShoreA, SilvermanED, LaxerRM. Methotrexate–nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drug interaction in children with arthritis. J Rheumatol1990; 17: 1469-73.
80.
KrausA, Alarcon-SegoviaD.Low dose MTX and NSAID induced “mild” renal insufficiency and severe neutropenia. J Rheumatol1991; 18: 1274.
81.
FreniaML, LongKS. Methotrexate and nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drug interactions. Ann Pharmacother1992; 26: 234-7.
82.
TracyTS, KrohnK, JonesDR, BradleyJD, HallSD, BraterDC. The effects of a salicylate, ibuprofen, and naproxen on the disposition of methotrexate in patients with rheumatoid arthritis. Eur J Clin Pharmacol1992; 42: 121-5.
83.
ZachariaeH.Methotrexate and non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs. Br J Dermatol1992; 126: 95.
84.
SmallRE, RedfordTW. Is methotrexate interaction critical?Am Pharm1994; NS34: 3-4.
85.
TracyTS, WorsterT, BradleyJD, GreenePK, BraterDC. Methotrexate disposition following concomitant administration of ketoprofen, piroxicam and flurbiprofen in patients with rheumatoid arthritis. Br J Clin Pharmacol1994; 37: 453-6.
86.
KremerJM, HamiltonRA. The effects of nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drugs on methotrexate (MTX) pharmacokinetics: impairment of renal clearance of MTX at weekly maintenance doses but not at 7.5 ms. J Rheumatol1995; 22: 2072-7.
87.
FranckH, RauR, HerbornG.Thrombocytopenia in patients with rheumatoid arthritis on long-term treatment with low dose methotrexate. Clin Rheumatol1996; 15: 266-70.
88.
KarimA, TolbertDS, HuntTL, HubbardRC, HarperKM, GeisGS. Celecoxib, a specific COX-2 inhibitor, has no significant effect on methotrexate pharmacokinetics in patients with rheumatoid arthritisJ Rheumatol1999; 26: 2539-43.
89.
SchwartzJI, AgrawalNG, WongPH. Lack of pharmacokinetic interaction between rofecoxib and methotrexate in rheumatoid arthritis patients. J Clin Pharmacol2001; 41: 1120-30.
90.
LieglerDG, HendersonES, HahnMA, OliverioVT. The effect of organic acids on renal clearance of methotrexate in man. Clin Pharmacol Ther1969; 10: 849-57.
91.
BakerH.Intermittent high dose oral methotrexate therapy in psoriasis. Br J Dermatol1970; 82: 65-9.
92.
MandelMA. The synergistic effect of salicylates on methotrexate toxicity. Plast Reconstr Surg1976; 57: 733-7.
93.
TaylorJR, HalprinKM. Effect of sodium salicylate and indomethacin on methotrexate–serum albumin binding. Arch Dermatol1977; 113: 588-91.
94.
FurstDE, HermanRA, KoehnkeR. Effect of aspirin and sulindac on methotrexate clearance. J Pharm Sci1990; 79: 782-6.
95.
LeglerUF, BenetLZ. Marked alterations in dose-dependent prednisolone kinetics in women taking oral contraceptives. Clin Pharmacol Ther1986; 39: 425-9.
96.
KobrinskyNL, RamsayNK. Acute megaloblastic anemia induced by high-dose trimethoprim–sulfamethoxazole. Ann Intern Med1981; 94: 780-1.
97.
DanM, ShapiraI.Possible role of methotrexate in trimethoprim–sulfamethoxazole–induced acute megaloblastic anemia. Isr J Med Sci1984; 20: 262-3.
98.
ThomasMH, GuttermanLA. Methotrexate toxicity in a patient receiving trimethoprim–sulfamethoxazole. J Rheumatol1986; 13: 440-1.
99.
MaricicM, DavisM, GallEP. Megaloblastic pancytopenia in a patient receiving concurrent methotrexate and trimethoprim–sulfamethoxazole treatment. Arthritis Rheum1986; 29: 133-5.
100.
FrainJB. Methotrexate toxicity in a patient receiving trimethoprim–sulfamethoxazole. J Rheumatol1987; 14: 176-7.
101.
SlordalL, SagerG, AarbakkeJ.Pharmacokinetic interactions with methotrexate: is 7-hydroxy-methotrexate the culprit?Lancet1988; 1: 591-2.
102.
JeurissenME, BoerboomsAM, van dePutte LB. Pancytopenia and methotrexate with trimethoprim–sulfamethoxazole. Ann Intern Med1989; 111: 261.
103.
FerrazziniG, KleinJ, SulhH, ChungD, GriesbrechtE, KorenG.Interaction between trimethoprim–sulfamethoxazole and methotrexate in children with leukemia. J Pediatr1990; 117: 823-6.
BourkeRS, ChhedaG, BremerA, WatanabeO, TowerDB. Inhibition of renal tubular transport of methotrexate by probenecid. Cancer Res1975; 35: 110-6.
106.
KatesRE, TozerTN. Biliary secretion of methotrexate in rats and its inhibition by probenecid. J Pharm Sci1976; 65: 1348-52.
107.
KatesRE, TozerTN, SorbyDL. Increased methotrexate toxicity due to concurrent probenecid administration. Biochem Pharmacol1976; 25: 1485-8.
108.
AherneGW, PiallE, MarksV, MouldG, WhiteWF. Prolongation and enhancement of serum methotrexate concentrations by probenecid. Br Med J1978; 1: 1097-9.
109.
HowellSB, OlshenRA, RiceJA. Effect of probenecid on cerebrospinal fluid methotrexate kinetics. Clin Pharmacol Ther1979; 26: 641-6.
110.
LillyMB, OmuraGA. Clinical pharmacology of oral intermediate-dose methotrexate with or without probenecid. Cancer Chemother Pharmacol1985; 15: 220-2.
111.
EvansWE, ChristensenML. Drug interactions with methotrexate. J Rheumatol Suppl1985; 12(suppl 12): 15-20.
112.
BasinKS, EscalanteA, BeardmoreTD. Severe pancytopenia in a patient taking low dose methotrexate and probenecid. J Rheumatol1991; 18: 609-10.
113.
MillikanCH, EatonLM. Clinical-evaluation of ACTH and cortisone in myasthenia gravis. Neurology1951; 1: 145-52.
114.
GrobD, HarveyAM. Effect of adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) and cortisone administration in patients with myasthenia gravis and report of onset of myasthenia gravis during prolonged cortisone administration. Bull Johns Hopkins Hosp1952; 91: 124-36.
115.
WarmoltsJR, EngelWK, WhitakerJN. Alternate-day prednisone in a patient with myasthenia gravis. Lancet1970; 2: 1198-9.
116.
BrunnerNG, NambaT, GrobD.Corticosteroids in management of severe, generalized myasthenia gravis. Effectiveness and comparison with corticotropin therapy. Neurology1972; 22: 603-10.
117.
NambaT, ShapiroMS. Corticotropin therapy in patients with myasthenia gravis: steroid metabolism, and histology of skeletal muscle and thymus. J Neurol Sci1972; 16: 165-76.
118.
PattenBM, OliverKL, EngelWK. Adverse interaction between corticosteroid hormones and anticholinesterase drugs. Trans Am Neurol Assoc1973; 98: 248-52.
119.
ZurcherRM, FreyBM, FreyFJ. Impact of ketoconazole on the metabolism of prednisolone. Clin Pharmacol Ther1989; 45: 366-72.
120.
VarisT, KivistoKT, NeuvonenPJ. The effect of itraconazole on the pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of oral prednisolone. Eur J Clin Pharmacol2000; 56: 57-60.
121.
KuntzmanR, JacobsonM, LevinW, ConneyAH. Stimulatory effect of N-phenylbarbital (phetharbital) on cortisol hydroxylation in man. Biochem Pharmacol1968; 17: 565-71.
122.
BrooksSM, WerkEE, AckermanSJ, SullivanI, ThrasherK.Adverse effects of phenobarbital on corticosteroid metabolism in patients with bronchial asthma. N Engl J Med1972; 286: 1125-8.
123.
StjernholmMR, KatzFH. Effects of diphenylhydantoin, phenobarbital, and diazepam on the metabolism of methylprednisolone and its sodium succinate. J Clin Endocrinol Metab1975; 41: 887-93.
124.
BrooksPM, BuchananWW, GroveM, DownieWW. Effects of enzyme induction on metabolism of prednisolone. Clinical and laboratory study. Ann Rheum Dis1976; 35: 339-43.
GabrielsenJ, BendtsenA, EriksenH, AndersenS.Methylprednisolone half-life during simultaneous barbiturate treatment and mechanical hyperventilation of neurosurgical patiente. J Neurosurg1985; 62: 182-5.
127.
YoungMC, HughesIA. Loss of therapeutic control in congenital adrenal hyperplasia due to interaction between dexamethasone and primidone. Acta Paediatr Scand1991; 80: 120-4.
128.
PetereitLB, MeikleAW. Effectiveness of prednisolone during phenytoin therapy. Clin Pharmacol Ther1977; 22: 912-6.
129.
McLellandJ, JackW.Phenytoin/dexamethasone interaction: a clinical problem. Lancet1978; 1: 1096-7.
130.
FreyBM, SchaadHJ, FreyFJ. Pharmacokinetic interaction of contraceptive steroids with prednisone and prednisolone. Eur J Clin Pharmacol1984; 26: 505-11.
131.
KeilholzU, GuthrieGPJr.Adverse effect of phenytoin on mineralocorticoid replacement with fludrocortisone in adrenal insufficiency. Am J Med Sci1986; 291: 280-3.
132.
BuffingtonGA, DominguezJH, PieringWF, HebertLA, KauffmanHMJr, LemannJJr.Interaction of rifampin and glucocorticoids. Adverse effect on renal allograft function. JAMA1976; 236: 1958-60.
133.
HendrickseW, McKiernanJ, PickupM, LoweJ.Rifampicin-induced non-responsiveness to corticosteroid treatment in nephrotic syndrome. Br Med J1979; 1: 306.
134.
BergremH, RefvemOK. Altered prednisolone pharmacokinetics in patients treated with rifampicin. Acta Med Scand1983; 213: 339-43.
135.
McAllisterWA, ThompsonPJ, Al-HabetSM, RogersHJ. Rifampicin reduces effectiveness and bioavailability of prednisolone. Br Med J (Clin Res Ed)1983; 286: 923-5.
136.
Powell-JacksonPR, GrayBJ, HeatonRW, CostelloJF, WilliamsR, EnglishJ.Adverse effect of rifampicin administration on steroid-dependent asthma. Am Rev Respir Dis1983; 128: 307-10.
CarrieF, RoblotP, BouquetS, DelonA, RoblotF, Becq-GiraudonB.Rifampin-induced nonresponsiveness of giant cell arteritis to prednisone treatment. Arch Intern Med1994; 154: 1521-4.
139.
KlinenbergJR, MillerF.Effect of corticosteroids on blood salicylate concentration. JAMA1965; 194: 601-4.
140.
GrahamGG, ChampionGD, DayRO, PaullPD. Patterns of plasma concentrations and urinary excretion of salicylate in rheumatoid arthritis. Clin Pharmacol Ther1977; 22: 410-20.
141.
BardareM, CislaghiGU, MandelliM, SereniF.Value of monitoring plasma salicylate levels in treating juvenile rheumatoid arthritis. Observations in 42 cases. Arch Dis Child1978; 53: 381-5.
142.
EdelmanJ, PotterJM, HackettLP. The effect of intra-articular steroids on plasma salicylate concentrations. Br J Clin Pharmacol1986; 21: 301-7.
143.
BaerPA, ShoreA, IkemanRL. Transient fall in serum salicylate levels following intraarticular injection of steroid in patients with rheumatoid arthritis. Arthritis Rheum1987; 30: 345-7.
144.
KorenG, RoifmanC, GelfandE, LaviS, SuriaD, SteinL.Corticosteroids–salicylate interaction in a case of juvenile rheumatoid arthritis. Ther Drug Monit1987; 9: 177-9.
145.
DayRO, HarrisG, BrownM, GrahamGG, ChampionGD. Interaction of salicylate and corticosteroids in man. Br J Clin Pharmacol1988; 26: 334-7.
146.
FlorenLC, BekerskyI, BenetLZ. Tacrolimus oral bioavailability doubles with coadministration of ketoconazole. Clin Pharmacol Ther1997; 62: 41-9.
147.
ThomasPP, ManivannanJ, JohnGT, JacobCK. Sirolimus and ketoconazole co-prescription in renal transplant recipients. Transplantation2004; 77: 474-5.
148.
KuypersDR, ClaesK, EvenepoelP. Drug interaction between itraconazole and sirolimus in a primary renal allograft recipient. Transplantation2005; 79: 737.
149.
SaidA, GarnickJJ, DieterleN, PeresE, AbidiMH, IbrahimRB. Sirolimus–itraconazole interaction in a hematopoietic stem cell transplant recipient. Pharmacotherapy2006; 26: 289-95.
150.
MartyFM, LowryCM, CutlerCS. Voriconazole and sirolimus coadministration after allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation. Biol Blood Marrow Transplant2006; 12: 552-9.
151.
BottigerY, SaweJ, BrattstromC. Pharmacokinetic interaction between single oral doses of diltiazem and sirolimus in healthy volunteers. Clin Pharmacol Ther2001; 69: 32-40.
JohnsonEM, ZimmermanJ, DuderstadtK. A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study of the safety, tolerance, and preliminary pharmacokinetics of ascending single doses of orally administered sirolimus (rapamycin) in stable renal transplant recipients. Transplant Proc1996; 28: 987.
154.
FerronGM, MishinaEV, ZimmermanJJ, JuskoWJ. Population pharmacokinetics of sirolimus in kidney transplant patients. Clin Pharmacol Ther1997; 61: 416-28.
155.
KaplanB, Meier-KriescheHU, NapoliKL, KahanBD. The effects of relative timing of sirolimus and cyclosporine microemulsion formulation coadministration on the pharmacokinetics of each agent. Clin Pharmacol Ther1998; 63: 48-53.
156.
ZimmermanJJ, HarperD, GetsyJ, JuskoWJ. Pharmacokinetic interactions between sirolimus and microemulsion cyclosporine when orally administered jointly and 4 hours apart in healthy volunteers. J Clin Pharmacol2003; 43: 1168-76.
157.
CattaneoD, MerliniS, PellegrinoM. Therapeutic drug monitoring of sirolimus: effect of concomitant immunosuppressive therapy and optimization of drug dosing. Am J Transplant2004; 4: 1345-51.
158.
KovarikJM, NoeA, WangY, MuellerI, DeNucciG, SchmouderRL. Differentiation of innovator versus generic cyclosporine via a drug interaction on sirolimus. Eur J Clin Pharmacol2006; 62: 361-6.
159.
KivistoKT, VillikkaK, NymanL, AnttilaM, NeuvonenPJ. Tamoxifen and toremifene concentrations in plasma are greatly decreased by rifampin. Clin Pharmacol Ther1998; 64: 648-54.
160.
O'neillVJ, TwelvesCJ. Oral cancer treatment: developments in chemotherapy and beyond. Br J Cancer2002; 87: 933-7.
161.
MartinK, BegaudB, LatryP, Miremont-SalameG, FourrierA, MooreN.Differences between clinical trials and postmarketing use. Br J Clin Pharmacol2004; 57: 86-92.
162.
PascualJ, DienerHC, MassiouH.Value of postmarketing surveillance studies in achieving a complete picture of antimigraine agents: using almotriptan as an example. J Headache Pain2006; 7: 27-33.
163.
HanstenPD, HornJR, HazletTK. ORCA: OpeRational ClassificAtion of drug interactions. J Am Pharm Assoc (Wash)2001; 41: 161-5.
164.
MaloneDC, AbarcaJ, HanstenPD. Identification of serious drug–drug interactions: results of the partnership to prevent drug–drug interactions. J Am Pharm Assoc (2003) 2004; 44: 142-51.
165.
HornJR, HanstenPD, ChanL-N. Proposal for a new tool to evaluate drug interaction cases. Ann Pharmacother2007; 41: 674-80. Epub 27 Mar 2007. DOI 10.1345/aph.1H423
