Fluorinated Phosphoric Ester-Based Protective Material for Limestone-Made Ancient Monuments,Buildings,and Artifacts: An X-ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy Study

Abstract

In this study, fluorinated phosphoric esters are evaluated as protective material for limestone from water-driven alteration processes. Hypotheses as to their molecular arrangement are also provided. The surface composition of limestone after treatment with a commercially available fluorinated phosphoric ester material was evaluated by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS). Results were then compared with those obtained for the treated limestone after accelerated aging tests. In the limestone that had not been subjected to aging processes an XPS determined thickness of the protective coating equivalent to 95 ± 18 Å was observed. This fell to 49 ± 10 Å in the limestone examined after intensive aging tests. However, low surface wettability (θ = 135° ± 4) was seen to be maintained.

Keywords

Fluorinated phosphoric esters Limestone X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy XPS

Get full access to this article

View all access options for this article.

References

Lambert

J. B.

, Traces of the Past: Unraveling the Secrets of Archaeology Through Chemistry (Addison-Wesley, Reading, Massachusetts, 1997).

Stone Decay and Conservation, Materials Science Monographs, Vol. 11, Amoroso

G. G.

and Fassina

, Eds. (Elsevier, Amsterdam, 1983).

Mills

J. S.

and White

, The Organic Chemistry of Museum Objects (Butterworth-Heinemann, Oxford, 1994), 2nd ed.

Allen

N. S.

Edge

and Horie

C. V

, Polymers in Conservation (The Royal Society of Chemistry, Cambridge, 1992).

Piacenti

Ciampelli

and Pasetti

, U.S. Patent 4,499,146 (1985).

Strepparola

Caporiccio

Pasetti

and Piacenti

, U.S. Patent 4,746,550 (1988).

Beamson

and Briggs

, High Resolution XPS of Organic Polymers: The Scienta ESCA300 Database (John Wiley and Sons, New York, 1992).

Pijpers

A. P.

and Meier

R. J

, Chem. Soc. Rev. 28, 233 (1999).

Briggs

, “Applications of XPS in Polymer Analysis”, in Practical Surface Analysis: Auger and X-ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy, Briggs

and Seah

M. P

, Eds. (John Wiley and Sons, Chichester, 1990), Vol. 1, pp. 437–483.

10.

Spoto

and Ciliberto

, “X-Ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy and Auger Electron Spectroscopy in Art and Archaeology”, in Modern Analytical Methods in Art and Archaeology, Ciliberto

and Spoto

, Eds. (John Wiley and Sons, New York, 2000), Chap. 13, pp. 363–404.

11.

Rizzarelli

, Degree Thesis, University of Catania, Italy (1995).

12.

X-ray induced photodegradation effects in fluorinated organic materials have been reported. For example, see (a) D. Popovici, E. Sacher and M. Meunier, J. Appl. Polim. Sci. 70, 1201 (1998); (b) Duca

M. D.

Plosceanu

C. L.

and Pop

J. Appl. Polim. Sci. 67, 2125 (1998).

13.

Scofield

J. H.

, J. Electron Spectr. Rel. Phenom. 8, 129 (1976).

14.

Jablonski

and Powell

C. J

, J. Electron Spectrosc. Relat. Phenom. 100, 137 (1999).

15.

Takahara

Morotomi

Hiraoka

Higashi

Kunitake

and Kajiyama

, Macromolecules 22, 617 (1989).

16.

Gunter

P. L. J.

Gijzeman

O. L. J.

and Niemantsverdriet

J. W

, Appl. Surf. Sci. 115, 342 (1997).

17.

Shirasaki

Moguet

Lozano

Tressaud

Nanse

and Papirer

, Carbon 37, 1891 (1999).