Aristotle's account of natural slavery as presented in his Politics is often treated by historians of philosophy as an account that can be analyzed purely internally in terms of its argumentative structure without referring to social factors. Against this view, Aristotle's account of natural slavery is seen to be ideological according to at least one variant of the Marxist concept of ideology, and cannot be understood without reference to Aristotle's socioeconomic context. The ideological nature of Aristotle's account of natural slavery is especially evident in his “proto-racialization” of the category of the “natural slave.” The Marxist concept of ideology is demonstrably useful in the historical study of philosophy, as compared with internalist historians of philosophy who claim that referring to nonphilosophical factors such as class interests inevitably obscures the philosophical content of the texts that are the objects of analysis.
AlthusserLouis. 1971. “Ideology and Ideological State Apparatuses.” Pp. 127–76 in Lenin and Philosophy, and Other Essays, edited and translated by Ben Brewster. New York: Monthly Review Press.
2.
Aristotle.1984. “Parts of Animals.” Pp. 2176–2375 in The Complete Works of Aristotle: The Revised Oxford Translation (One Volume, Digital Edition), edited by BarnesJonathan, translated by OgleWilliam. Princeton, New Jersey: Princeton University Press.
3.
Aristotle.1998. Politics. Translated by ReeveC. D. C.Indianapolis, Indiana/Cambridge, England: Hackett Publishing Company.
4.
BadianE.1958. “Alexander the Great and the Unity of Mankind.” Historia: Zeitschrift für Alte Geschichte, 7:4, 425–444.
5.
BaldryH. C.1965. The Unity of Mankind in Greek Thought. Cambridge, England: Cambridge University Press.
6.
BryantJoseph M.1996. Moral Codes and Social Structures in Ancient Greece: A Sociology of Greek Ethics from Homer to the Epicureans and Stoics. Albany, New York: SUNY Press.
7.
CambianoGiuseppe. 1987. “Aristotle and the Anonymous Opponents of Slavery.” Slavery and Abolition, 8:1, 22–41.
8.
CartledgePaul. 1993. The Greeks: A Portrait of Self and Others. Oxford, England: Oxford University Press.
9.
CartledgePaul. 2003. “Raising Hell? The Helot Mirage - A Personal Review.” Pp. 13–32 in Helots and the Masters in Laconia and Messenia: Histories, Ideologies, edited by NinoLuraghi and AlcockSusan E.Washington, D.C.: Center for Hellenic Studies.
10.
CoxOliver C.1959. Caste, Class, and Race. New York: Monthly Review Press.
11.
EngelsFrederick. 2004. “Engels to Franz Mehring, July 14, 1893.” Pp. 163–67 in Marx/Engels Collected Works. Volume 50: Letters 1892–1895. London: Lawrence and Wishart.
12.
FanonFrantz. 1967. Black Skin, White Masks. Translated by MarkmannCharles Lam. New York: Grove Press.
13.
FisherN. R. E.2003. Slavery in Classical Greece. Bristol, England: Bristol Classical Press.
14.
FlowerMichael. 2006. “Herodotus and Persia.” Pp. 274–89 in The Cambridge Companion to Herodotus, edited by Carolyn Dewald and John Marincola. Cambridge, England: Cambridge University Press.
15.
FrankJill. 2004. “Citizens, Slaves and Foreigners: Aristotle on Human Nature.” The American Political Science Review, 98:1, 91–104.
16.
GarnseyPeter. 1996. Ideas of Slavery from Aristotle to Augustine. Cambridge, England: Cambridge University Press.
17.
IsaacBenjamin. 2004. The Invention of Racism in Classical Antiquity. Princeton, New Jersey: Princeton University Press.
18.
KamenkaEugene. 1965. “Marxism and the History of Philosophy.” History and Theory, 5:5, 83–104.
19.
KrautRichard. 2002. “Politics I: Slavery.” Pp. 277–305 in Aristotle: Political Philosophy. Oxford, England: Oxford University Press.
20.
LewisDavid. 2011. “Near Eastern Slaves in Classical Attica and the Slave Trade with the Persian Territories.” The Classical Quarterly, 61:1, 91–113.
21.
MalcolmHeath. 2008. “Aristotle on Natural Slavery.” Phronesis, 53, 343–270.
22.
MannheimKarl. 1960. Ideology and Utopia: An Introduction to the Sociology of Knowledge. Translated by WirthLouis and ShillsEdward. London: Routledge.
23.
MarxKarl. 1976. Capital: A Critique of Political Economy. Volume One. Translated by FowkesBen. London: Penguin.
24.
MillerRichard W.1984. Analyzing Marx: Morality, Power and History. Princeton, New Jersey: Princeton University Press.
25.
MillettPaul. 2007. “Aristotle and Slavery in Athens.” Greece and Rome, 54, 178–209.
26.
NormoreCalvin. 1990. “Doxology and the History of Philosophy.” Canadian Journal of Philosophy, 20:1, 203–226.
27.
PellegrinPierre. 2013. “Natural Slavery.” Pp. 92–116 in The Cambridge Companion to Aristotle's Politics, edited by DeslauriersMarguerite and DestréePierre. Cambridge, England: Cambridge University Press.
28.
RihllT. E.2011. “Classical Athens.” Pp. 48–73 in The Cambridge World History of Slavery. Volume 1: The Ancient Mediterranean World, edited by BradleyKeith and CartledgePaul. Cambridge, England: Cambridge University Press.
29.
RoodTim. 2006. “Herodotus and Foreign Lands.” Pp. 290–305 in The Cambridge Companion to Herodotus, edited by DewaldCarolyn and MarincolaJohn. Cambridge, England: Cambridge University Press.
30.
SchlaiferRobert. 1936. “Greek Theories of Slavery from Homer to Aristotle.” Harvard Studies in Classical Philology, 47, 165–204.
31.
SchofieldMalcolm. 1999. “Ideology and Philosophy in Aristotle's Theory of Slavery.” Pp. 101–123 in Saving the City: Philosopher-Kings and Other Classical Paradigms. London: Routledge.
32.
SmithNicholas D.1983. “Aristotle's Theory of Natural Slavery.” Phoenix, 37:2, 109–122.
33.
Vidal-NaquetPierre. 1986. The Black Hunter: Forms of Thought and Society in the Ancient Greek World. Translated by Szegedy-MaszakAndrew. Baltimore, Maryland/London: The Johns Hopkins University Press.
34.
WallersteinImmanuel. 1995. Historical Capitalism with Capitalist Civilization. London: Verso.
35.
WardJulie K.2002. “Ethnos in the Politics: Aristotle and Race.” Pp. 14–37 in Philososphers on Race: Critical Essays, edited by WardJulie K. and LottTommy L.Oxford, England: Blackwell Publishing.
36.
WestermannW. L.1955. The Slave Systems of Greek and Roman Antiquity. Philadelphia, Pennsylvania: The American Philosophical Society.
37.
WynterSylvia. 2003. “Unsettling the Coloniality of Being/Power/Truth/Freedom: Towards the Human, After Man, Its Overrepresentation - An Argument.” The New Centennial Review, 3:3, 257–337.
