This report describes the case of a 9-year-old girl affected by fetal alcohol syndrome who presented at birth with blepharophimosis and a cleft palate, which was submitted to surgery. She was referred to our hospital for a visual acuity reduction, where a diagnosis of keratoconus was made. This case highlights the rarity of the association between fetal alcohol syndrome and cleft palate and the previously unreported association involving fetal alcohol syndrome–keratoconus and cleft palate–keratoconus.
AccardoA.P.PensieroS.Neural network-based system for early keratoconus detection from corneal topography.J Biomed Inform.2003; 35: 151–159.
2.
al-HazzaaS.A.SpechiC.S.McLeanI.W.HarrisD.J.Jr.Posterior keratoconus. Case report with scanning electron microscopi.Cornea.1995; 14: 316–320.
3.
ChanD.Q.Bilateral circumscribed posterior keratoconus.J Am Optom Assoc.1999; 70: 581–586.
4.
ChanT.BowellR.O'KeefeM.LaniganB.Ocular manifestations in fetal alcohol syndrome.Br J Ophthalmol.1991; 75: 524–526.
5.
CookC.NowotnyA.Z.SulikK.K.Fetal alcohol syndrome. Eye malformations in a mouse model.Arch Ophthalmol.1987; 105: 1576–1580.
6.
CookC.S.SulikK.K.Keratolenticular dysgenesis (Peter's anomaly) as a result of acute embryonic insult during gastrulation.J Pediatr Ophthalmol Strabismus.1988; 25: 60–66.
7.
EidenS.B.EpsteinR.J.Circumscribed posterior keratoconus.J Am Optom Assoc.1995; 66: 189–193.
8.
HoymeH.E.MayP.A.KalbergW.O.KodituwakkuP.GossageP.TrujilloP.M.BuckleyD.G.MillerJ.H.AragonA.S.KhaoleN.ViljoenD.L.JonesK.L.RobinsonL.K.A practical clinical approach to diagnosis of fetal alcohol spectrum disorders: clarification of the 1996 institute of medicine criteria.Pediatrics.2005; 115: 39–47.
9.
HugT.E.FitzgeraldK.M.CibisG.W.Clinical and electroretinographic findings in fetal alcohol syndrome.J AAPOS.2000; 4: 200–204.
10.
JonesK.L.SmithD.W.UllelandC.N.StreissguthP.Patterns of malformation in offspring of chronic alcoholic mothers.Lancet.1973; 1(7815): 1267–1271.
11.
KimW.J.RabinowitzY.S.MeislerD.M.WilsonS.E.Keratocyte apoptosis associated with keratoconus.Exp Eye Res.1999; 69: 475–481.
12.
KrachmerJ.H.FederR.S.BelinM.N.Keratoconus and related non inflammatory corneal thinning disorders.Surv Ophthalmol.1984; 28: 293–322.
13.
LonsberryB.B.BoyceP.Circumscribed posterior keratoconus: case report.J Am Optom Assoc.1999; 70: 773–776.
14.
LorenteC.CordierS.GoujardJ.AymeS.BianchiF.CalzolariE.De WalleH.E.Knill-JonesR.Tobacco and alcohol use during pregnancy and risk of oral clefts.Occupational Exposure and Congenital Malformation Working Group. Am J Public Health.2000; 90: 415–419.
15.
MungerR.G.RomittiP.A.Daack-HirschS.BurnsT.L.MurrayJ.C.HansonJ.Maternal alcohol use and risk of orofacial cleft birth defects.Teratology.1996; 54: 27–33.
RabinowitzY.S.The genetics of keratoconus.Ophthalmol Clin North Am.2003; 16: 607–620.
18.
ShawG.M.LammerE.J.Maternal periconceptional alcohol consumption and risk for orofacial clefts.J Pediatr.1999; 134: 298–303.
19.
StrattonK.R.HoweC.J.BattagliaF.C.Fetal Alcohol Syndrome: Diagnosis, Epidemiology, Prevention, and Treatment.Washington, D.C.: National Academy Press;1996.
20.
StromlandK.Visual impairment and ocular abnormalities in children with fetal alcohol syndrome.Addict Biol.2004; 9: 153–157.
21.
StromlandK.Pinazo-DuranM.D.Ophthalmic involvement in the fetal alcohol sindrome: clinical and animal model studies.Alcohol Alcohol.2002; 37: 2–8.
22.
SulikK.K.JohnstonM.C.Sequence of developmental alterations following acute ethanol exposure in mice: craniofacial features of the fetal alcohol syndrome.Am J Anat.1983; 166: 257–269.
23.
TomidokoroA.OshikaT.AmanoS.HigakiS.MaedaN.MiyataK.Changes in anterior and posterior corneal curvatures in keratoconus.Ophthalmology.2000; 107: 1328–1332.
24.
VajpayeeR.B.SharmaN.Association between anterior and posterior keratoconus.Aust N Z J Ophthalmol.1998; 26: 181–183.
25.
WebsterW.S.RitchieH.E.Teratogenic effects of alcohol and isotretinoin on craniofacial development: an analysis of animal models.J Craniofac Genet Dev Biol.1991; 11: 296–302.
26.
WongF.K.HaggU.An update on the etiology of orofacial clefts.Hong Kong Med J.2004; 10: 331–336.
27.
YoungI.D.MacraeW.G.HughesH.E.CrawfordJ.S.Keratoconus posticus circumscriptus, cleft lip and palate, genitourinary abnormalities, short stature, and mental retardation in sibs.J Med Genet.1982; 19: 332–336.