The Relationship between Nasalance Scores and Nasality Ratings Obtained with Equal Appearing Interval and Direct Magnitude Estimation Scaling Methods

Barker D.J.P. , Rose G. Epidemiology in Medical Practice. London: Churchill Livingstone; 1979: 34–35.

Bzoch K. Measurement and assessment of categorical aspects of cleft palate speech. In: Bzoch K. , ed. Communication Disorders Related to Cleft Lip and Palate. Boston: Little, Brown; 1979.

Cohen J. A coefficient of agreement for nominal scales. Educational and Psychological Measurement. 1960: 37–46.

Dalston R.M. , Warren D.W. , Dalston E. The use of nasometry as a diagnostic tool for identifying patients with velopharyngeal impairment. Cleft Palate Craniofac J. 1991; 28: 184–189.

Eadie T.L. , Doyle P.C. Direct magnitude estimation and interval scaling of naturalness and severity in tracheoesophageal (TE) speakers. J Speech Lang Hear Res. 2002; 45: 1088–1096.

Eadie T.L. , Doyle P.C. Direct magnitude estimation and interval scaling of pleasantness and severity in dysphonic and normal speakers. J Acous Soc Am. 2002; 112: 3014–3021.

Eisler H. How prothetic is the continuum of smell? Scand J Psych. 1963; 4: 29–32.

Engen T. Psychophysics II. Scaling methods. In: Kling J.W. , Riggs L. , eds. Woodworth and Schlossberg's Experimental Psychology. New York: Holt, Rinehart, & Winston; 1971.

Fletcher S.G. Nasalance versus listener judgments of nasality. Cleft Palate J. 1976; 13: 31–44.

Guilford J.P. Fundamental Statistics in Psychology and Education. New York: McGraw-Hill; 1956.

Hardin M.A. , Van Demark D.R. , Morris H.L. , Payne M.M. Correspondence between nasalance scores and listener judgments of hypernasality and hyponasality. Cleft Palate Craniofac J. 1992; 29: 346–351.

Landis J.R. , Koch G.G. The measurement of observer agreement for categorical data. Biometrics. 1977; 33: 159–174.

Lewis K.E. , Watterson T.L. , Houghton S.M. The influence of listener experience and academic training on ratings of nasality. J Commun Disord. 2003; 36: 49–58.

McNemar Q. Psychological Statistics. New York: John Wiley & Sons; 1955.

Nellis J.L. , Nieman G.S. , Lehman J.A. Comparison of Nasometer and listener judgments of nasality in the assessment of velopharyngeal function after pharyngeal flap surgery. Cleft Palate Craniofac J. 1992; 29: 157–163.

Schiavetti N. , Martin R.R. , Haroldson S.K. , Metz D.E. Psychophysical analysis of audiovisual judgments of speech naturalness of nonstutterers and stutterers. J Speech Hear Res. 1994; 37: 46–52.

Stevens S.S. Psychophysics. New York: John Wiley & Sons; 1975.

Toner M.A. , Emanuel F.W. , Parker D. Relationship of spectral noise levels to psychophysical scaling of vowel roughness. J Speech Hear Res. 1990; 33: 238–244.

Warren R.M. Anomalous loudness function for speech. J Acoust Soc Am. 1973; 54: 390–396.

Warren R.M. , Sersen E.A. A basis for loudness-judgments. Am J Psych. 1958; 71: 700–709.

Warren R.M. , Warren R.P. A critique of S.S. Stevens' “New Psychophysics.” Percept Motor Skills. 1963; 16: 797–810.

Watterson T. , Hinton J. , McFarlane S.C. Novel stimuli for obtaining nasalance measures from young children. Cleft Palate Craniofac J. 1996; 33: 67–73.

Watterson T. , Lewis K.E. , Deutsch C. Nasalance and nasality in low pressure and high pressure speech. Cleft Palate Craniofac J. 1998; 35: 293–298.

Watterson T. , McFarlane S.C. , Wright D.S. The relationship between nasalance and nasality in children with cleft palate. J Commun Disord. 1993; 26: 13–28.

Whitehill T.L. , Lee A.S.Y. , Chun J.C. Direct magnitude estimation and interval scaling of hypernasality. J Speech Hear Res. 2002; 45: 80–88.

Zraick R.I. , Liss J.M. A comparison of equal-appearing interval scaling and direct magnitude estimation of nasal voice quality. J Speech Hear Res. 2000; 43: 979–988.