Stereophotogrammetric Analysis of Nasolabial Morphology among Asian Malays: Influence of Age and Sex

Abstract

Objective

It is clear that population-specific norms should be used when planning plastic and reconstructive surgery for selected patients. In this study, we aimed to generate nasal and labial reference values by applying a stereophotogrammetric technique. A further aim was to investigate the effect of sexual dimorphism, age-related changes, and the interrelation between nasal and labial morphology.

Design

Cross-sectional study.

Setting

The data were collected from different locations on the Malaysian peninsula.

Participants

A total of 276 Asian Malays (138 males and 138 females) were included in this study, and a three-dimensional system was used for capturing data. The sample was divided into three age groups: 13 to 14, 15 to 17, and 18 to 36 years.

Main Outcome Measure(s)

Twenty-five dimensions of the nose and lips were measured and analyzed separately in males and females.

Results

Significant differences between males and females were identified in 11 distances, and significant effects of age were found in most of the dimensions (p < .05). Significant correlations between the nasal and labial dimensions were recorded, particularly between lateral lip height and width of the ala insertion. A principal component analysis showed interrelationships between the nasal width distances and upper lip height.

Conclusion

This study has provided a new three-dimensional database for nose and lip morphology in Malays and demonstrated patterns of variation that can be used by surgeons to make comparisons within and between different human populations and also to develop treatment plans for their patients.

Keywords

Asians faces morphology soft tissues stereophotogrammetry

Get full access to this article

View all access options for this article.

References

Al-Khatib

A.R.

Rajion

Z.A.

Hassan

Masudi

S.M.

Yusuf

Y.A.

Anthropometric accuracy and precision of new stereophotogrammetry system. International Medical Journal. 2010; 17: 289–296.

Akgul

A.A.

Toygar

T.U.

Natural craniofacial changes in the third decade of life: a longitudinal study. Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop. 2002; 122: 512–522.

Banabilh

S.M.

Rajion

Z.A.

Samsudin

A.R.

Singh

G.D.

Facial soft tissue features assessed with finite element analysis. Int J Orthod Milwaukee. 2006; 17: 17–20.

Baydas

Erdem

Yavuz

Ceylan

Heritability of facial proportions and soft-tissue profile characteristics in Turkish Anatolian siblings. Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop. 2007; 131: 504–509.

Bukhary

S.M.

Gill

D.S.

Tredwin

C.J.

Moles

D.R.

The influence of varying maxillary lateral incisor dimensions on perceived smile aesthetics. Br Dent J. 2007; 203: 687–693.

Buretic-Tomljanovic

Giacometti

Ostojic

Kapovic

Sex-specific differences of craniofacial traits in Croatia: the impact of environment in a small geographic area. Ann Hum Biol. 2007; 34: 296–314.

Chan

E.K.

Soh

Petocz

Darendeliler

M.A.

Esthetic evaluation of Asian-Chinese profiles from a white perspective. Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop. 2008; 133: 532–538.

Choe

K.S.

Sclafani

A.P.

Litner

J.A.

G.P.

Romo

3rd . The Korean American woman's face: anthropometric measurements and quantitative analysis of facial aesthetics. Arch Facial Plast Surg. 2004; 6: 244–252.

Chong

A.K.

A multipurpose camera calibration technique. NZ Surveyor. 1999; 280: 19–22.

10.

Dong

Zhao

Bai

Wang

Three-dimensional anthropometric analysis of the Chinese nose. J Plast Reconstr Aesthet Surg. 2010; 63: 1832–1839.

11.

Farkas

L.G.

Examination, craniofacial norms in North American Caucasians from birth (one year) to young adulthood, craniofacial norms in 6-, 12-, and 18-year-old Chinese subjects. In: Farkas

L.G.

, ed. Anthropometry of the Head and Face. New York: Raven Press; 1994: 20–59, 241–311, 337–346.

12.

Ferrario

V.F.

Sforza

Poggio

C.E.

Cova

Tartaglia

Preliminary evaluation of an electromagnetic three-dimensional digitizer in facial anthropometry. Cleft Palate Craniofac J. 1998; 35: 9–15.

13.

Ferrario

V.F.

Sforza

Serrao

A three-dimensional quantitative analysis of lips in normal young adults. Cleft Palate Craniofac J. 2000; 37: 48–54.

14.

Halazonetis

D.J.

Acquisition of 3-dimensional shapes from images. Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop. 2001; 119: 556–560.

15.

Harris

E.F.

Smith

R.N.

Accounting for measurement error: a critical but often overlooked process. Arch Oral Biol. 2009; 54(Suppl 1): S107–S117.

16.

Z.J.

Jian

X.C.

X.S.

Gao

Zhou

S.H.

Zhong

X.H.

Anthropometric measurement and analysis of the external nasal soft tissue in 119 young Han Chinese adults. J Craniofac Surg. 2009; 20: 1347–1351.

17.

Heike

C.L.

Cunningham

M.L.

Hing

A.V.

Stuhaug

Starr

J.R.

Picture perfect? Reliability of craniofacial anthropometry using three-dimensional digital stereophotogrammetry. Plast Reconstr Surg. 2009; 124: 1261–1272.

18.

Hubbe

Hanihara

Harvati

Climate signatures in the morphological differentiation of worldwide modern human populations. Anat Rec. 2009; 292: 1720–1733.

19.

Isiksal

Hazar

Akyalcin

Smile esthetics: perception and comparison of treated and untreated smiles. Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop. 2006; 129: 8–16.

20.

Johnston

D.J.

Millett

D.T.

Ayoub

A.F.

Bock

Are facial expressions reproducible?

Cleft Palate Craniofac J. 2003; 40: 291–296.

21.

Kohn

L.A.

The role of genetics in craniofacial morphology and growth. Annu Rev Anthropol. 1991; 20: 261–278.

22.

Kovacs

Zimmermann

Brockmann

Baurecht

Schwenzer-Zimmerer

Papadopulos

N.A.

Papadopoulos

M.A.

Sader

Biemer

Zeilhofer

H.F.

. Accuracy and precision of the three-dimensional assessment of the facial surface using a 3-D laser scanner. IEEE Trans Med Imaging. 2006; 25: 742–754.

23.

Lee

H.J.

Park

S.J.

Comparison of Korean and Japanese head and face anthropometric characteristics. Hum Biol. 2008; 80: 313–330.

24.

Lee

L.K.

Chen

P.C.

Lee

K.K.

Kaur

Menstruation among adolescent girls in Malaysia: a cross-sectional school survey. Singapore Med J. 2006; 47: 869–874.

25.

Little

B.B.

Buschang

P.H.

Pena Reyes

M.E.

Tan

S.K.

Malina

R.M.

Craniofacial dimensions in children in rural Oaxaca, southern Mexico: secular change, 1968–2000. Am J Phys Anthropol. 2006; 131: 127–136.

26.

Majid

Chong

Craniofacial stereo mapping: improving accuracy with natural points. NZ Surveyor. 2005: 3–8.

27.

Majid

Chong

Setan

Ahmed

Rajion

Z.A.

Natural features technique for non- contact three dimensional craniofacial anthropometry using stereophotogrammetry. Arch Orofacial Sci. 2006; 1: 42–50.

28.

Ngeow

W.C.

Aljunid

S.T.

Craniofacial anthropometric norms of Malays. Singapore Med J. 2009; 50: 525–528.

29.

Park

D.H.

Choi

W.S.

Yoon

S.H.

Song

C.H.

Anthropometry of Asian eyelids by age. Plast Reconstr Surg. 2008; 121: 1405–1413.

30.

Price

K.M.

Gupta

P.K.

Woodward

J.A.

Stinnett

S.S.

Murchison

A.P.

Eyebrow and eyelid dimensions: an anthropometric analysis of African Americans and Caucasians. Plast Reconstr Surg. 2009; 124: 615–623.

31.

Reksodiputro

M.H.

Koento

Boedhihartono Sclafani

. Facial anthropometric analysis of the Javanese female. Arch Facial Plast Surg. 2009; 11: 347–349.

32.

Rhee

S.C.

Kang

S.R.

Park

H.S.

Balanced angular profile analysis. Plast Reconstr Surg. 2004; 114: 535–544.

33.

Rhee

S.C.

Dhong

E.S.

Yoon

E.S.

Photogrammetric facial analysis of attractive Korean entertainers. Aesthetic Plast Surg. 2009; 33: 167–174.

34.

Savoye

Loos

Carels

Derom

Vlietinck

A genetic study of anteroposterior and vertical facial proportions using model-fitting. Angle Orthod. 1998; 68: 467–470.

35.

Sawyer

A.R.

See

Nduka

3D stereophotogrammetry quantitative lip analysis. Aesthetic Plast Surg. 2009; 33: 497–504.

36.

Sforza

Grandi

Binelli

Dolci

De Menezes

Ferrario

V.F.

Age- and sex-related changes in three-dimensional lip morphology. Forensic Sci Int. 2010; 15; 200: 182.e1–7.

37.

Sforza

Grandi

De Menezes

Tartaglia

G.M.

Ferrario

V.F.

Age-and sex-related changes in the normal human external nose. Forensic Sci Int. 2011; 30; 204: 205.e1–9.

38.

Smith

Zaitoun

Coxon

Karmo

Kaur

Townsend

. Defining new dental phenotypes using 3-D image analysis to enhance discrimination and insights into biological processes. Arch Oral Biol. 2009; 54(Suppl 1): S118–S125.

39.

Thilander

Persson

Adolfsson

Roentgen-cephalometric standards for a Swedish population. A longitudinal study between the ages of 5 and 31 years. Eur J Orthod. 2005; 27: 370–389.

40.

Torlakovic

Faerøvig

Age-related changes of the soft tissue profile from the second to the fourth decades of life. Angle Orthod. 2011; 81: 50–57.

41.

Weinberg

S.M.

Naidoo

Govier

D.P.

Martin

R.A.

Kane

A.A.

Marazita

M.L.

Anthropometric precision and accuracy of digital three-dimensional photogrammetry: comparing the Genex and 3dMD imaging systems with one another and with direct anthropometry. J Craniofac Surg. 2006; 17: 477–483.

42.

Weinberg

S.M.

Scott

N.M.

Neiswanger

Brandon

C.A.

Marazita

M.L.

Digital three-dimensional photogrammetry: evaluation of anthropometric precision and accuracy using a Genex 3D camera system. Cleft Palate Craniofac J. 2004; 41: 507–518.

43.

Wong

W.W.

Davis

D.G.

Camp

M.C.

Gupta

S.C.

Contribution of lip proportions to facial aesthetics in different ethnicities: a three-dimensional analysis. J Plast Reconstr Aesthet Surg. 2010; 63: 2032–2309.